1. 31.3 The Animal Body Plan has Undergone Many Changes
5 Key
Transitions In
Body Plans

2. 31.3 # 1 – The Evolution of Tissues
The simplest animals (Parozoa) lack both defined tissues and organs
They exist as aggregates of cells with minimal intercellular coordination
All other animals (Eumetazoan) have distinct tissues with highly specialized cells

3. 31.3

4. 31.3 # 2 – Evolution of Bilateral Symmetry
Sponges lack a definite symmetry (grow asymmetrically as irregular masses)
All other animals have a definite shape and symmetry and can be defined along an imaginary axis drawn through the animals body.
Animals with symmetry belong to either to Radiata (radial symmetry) or Bilateria (bilateral symmetry)

5. 31.3
Radial Symmetry –
Symmetry first evolved in marine animals (Cnidiria and Ctenophora) both bodies of the these 2 phyla exhibit radial symmetry, making them radiata.

6. 31.3
Radial Symmetry –
A body design in which the parts of the body are arranged around a central axis in such a way that any plane passing through the central axis divides the organism into 2 halves that are approximate mirror images.

7. 31.3
Radial Symmetry –

8. 31.3
Bilateral Symmetry -
Is a body design in which the body has a right
and a left half that are mirror imaged of each
other.
Has a top and a bottom (Dorsal and Ventral)
Has front and a back (Anterior and Posterior)
Bilateral symmetry constitutes the second major evolutionary advance in the animal body plan.

9. 31.3
This unique form of organization allows parts of the body to evolve in different ways
This allows different organs to be located in different parts of the body
Bilaterally symmetrical animals move from place to place more efficiently than radially symmetrical ones, which in turn lead to sessile or passively floating existence.
Bilaterally symmetric animals are efficient in seeking food, locating mates, and avoiding predators

10. 31.3

11. 31.3
Bilateral and Radial Comparison

12. 31.3 Bilateral Symmetry - Eumetazoans produce three germ layers
Out ectoderm
Form outer coverings and nervous system
Inner endoderm
Form the digestive organs and intestines
Third layer, mesoderm, between the ectoderm and endoderm.
Form the skeleton and muscles

13. 31.3 Bilaterally Symmetrical –
Cephalization – evolution of a definite head and brain area.
Animals that underwent cephalization developed increasing dominance of these organs in the more advanced animal phyla

14. 31.3

15. 31.3 # 3 – Evolution of the Body Cavity
The evolution of the body cavity was the third transition of the evolution of the animal body
The evolution of efficient organ systems within the animal was not possible until the body cavity evolved for support, carrying materials and developmental interactions

16. 31.3

17. 31.3 Kinds of Body Cavities –
(3 basic Body Plans Evolved in Bilateria)
Acoelomates - no body cavity
Psuedocoelomates – body cavity called a psuedocoel (located between the mesoderm and endoderm)
Coelomates – have a fluid filled body cavity that develops entirely within the mesoderm. (coelom)
Major advantage is that it allows mesoderm and endoderm so tissues can interact.

18. 31.3

19. 31.3
Coelomates –
The development of the coelom does present a problem CIRCULATION.
This problem is solved by and circulatory system which is a network of vessels that carry fluids to parts of the body.

20. 31.3
Circulatory System – Open Circulatory System – blood passes from vessels into sinuses, mixes with body fluid, and then reenters the vessels later in another location.

21. 31.3
Circulatory System –
Closed Circulatory System – blood is physically separated from other body fluids and can be separately controlled. (Blood moves faster and more efficiently)