1. Adaptive Stream Filters for Entity-based Queries with Non-value Tolerance VLDB 2005 Reynold Cheng (Speaker) Ben Kao, Alan Kwan Sunil Prabhakar, Yicheng Tu The Hong Kong Polytechnic University The University of Hong Kong Purdue University

2. Cheng,Kao,Prabhakar,Kwan,TuAdaptive Stream Filters for Entity-based Queries with Non-Value Tolerance 2 Data Streams and Applications Data Stream Management Systems (DSMS) Data Stream Management Systems (DSMS) –Sensor networks, location-based applications –STREAM [ABB03], STEAM [HAFME03], AURORA [ACC03], CACQ [MSH02] Stream applications Stream applications –Telecom call records –Network security [BO03] –Habitat monitoring [MPS02] –Structural health monitoring ContinuousQueries

3. Cheng,Kao,Prabhakar,Kwan,TuAdaptive Stream Filters for Entity-based Queries with Non-Value Tolerance 3 DSMS Model User Query Processing Unit Central Processor Continuous Query Result (Refreshed if needed) stream Network Real-time, Response Time requirement Massive, Fast Limited memory, CPU, network bandwidth

4. Cheng,Kao,Prabhakar,Kwan,TuAdaptive Stream Filters for Entity-based Queries with Non-Value Tolerance 4 Trading Accuracy for Query Timeliness A user may accept an answer with a carefully controlled error tolerance A user may accept an answer with a carefully controlled error tolerance –wide-area resource accounting –load-balancing in replicated servers The system exploits error tolerance to reduce communication and computation costs The system exploits error tolerance to reduce communication and computation costs

5. Cheng,Kao,Prabhakar,Kwan,TuAdaptive Stream Filters for Entity-based Queries with Non-Value Tolerance 5 Value-based Tolerance Often assumed in literature [ OJW03, JCW04 ] Often assumed in literature [ OJW03, JCW04 ] Maximum error is a numerical value  specified by user Maximum error is a numerical value  specified by user MAX Query: Return sensor id with the highest temperature MAX Query: Return sensor id with the highest temperature Guarantee the sensor id returned has temperature value not lower than  from that of the true answer Guarantee the sensor id returned has temperature value not lower than  from that of the true answer

6. Cheng,Kao,Prabhakar,Kwan,TuAdaptive Stream Filters for Entity-based Queries with Non-Value Tolerance 6 Is Selecting  Easy? Location-based application: a user inquires about his closest neighbor Location-based application: a user inquires about his closest neighbor –Should the tolerance be 0.1, 1, or 100 meters? Sensor network collects humidity, temperature, UV- index, wind speed Sensor network collects humidity, temperature, UV- index, wind speed –Does user know the range of error for each type? Multi-dimensional data streams (e.g., location) Multi-dimensional data streams (e.g., location) Multimedia data streams (e.g., CCTV images) Multimedia data streams (e.g., CCTV images)

7. Cheng,Kao,Prabhakar,Kwan,TuAdaptive Stream Filters for Entity-based Queries with Non-Value Tolerance 7 Is Selecting  for MAX Query easy? Suppose a user accepts an object that ranks 2 nd or above.  small If  is too small……  large If  is too large……  ideal The ideal  …… Tolerance wasted Error unacceptable

8. Cheng,Kao,Prabhakar,Kwan,TuAdaptive Stream Filters for Entity-based Queries with Non-Value Tolerance 8 Rank-based Tolerance Express error tolerance as a rank Express error tolerance as a rank Error tolerance = no. of positions the returned sensor could rank below the highest one Error tolerance = no. of positions the returned sensor could rank below the highest one More intuitive and easier to specify More intuitive and easier to specify Rank-based tolerance = 1

9. Cheng,Kao,Prabhakar,Kwan,TuAdaptive Stream Filters for Entity-based Queries with Non-Value Tolerance 9 Non-Value Tolerance Rank-based tolerance is non-value- tolerance Rank-based tolerance is non-value- tolerance –numerical value  not used Fraction-based Tolerance Fraction-based Tolerance –False Positive F + (t): % of returned answers that are incorrect at time t –False Negative F - (t): % of correct answers not returned at time t –F + (t) ≤  + ; F - (t) ≤  -

10. Cheng,Kao,Prabhakar,Kwan,TuAdaptive Stream Filters for Entity-based Queries with Non-Value Tolerance 10 Entity-based Queries Return sets of object ids, not numerical values [CKP03] Return sets of object ids, not numerical values [CKP03] Rank-based queries: order of stream values decides the final answer Rank-based queries: order of stream values decides the final answer –e.g., top-k query, k-nearest-neighbor query Non-rank-based queries: order of stream values is not important Non-rank-based queries: order of stream values is not important –e.g., range query Non-value tolerance matches entity-based queries! Non-value tolerance matches entity-based queries!

11. Cheng,Kao,Prabhakar,Kwan,TuAdaptive Stream Filters for Entity-based Queries with Non-Value Tolerance 11 Continuous Query Classification

12. Cheng,Kao,Prabhakar,Kwan,TuAdaptive Stream Filters for Entity-based Queries with Non-Value Tolerance 12 Adaptive Filter [OJW03]: Initialization Phase Constraint Assignment Unit Data Stream 1 Filter Bounds User-defined Tolerance Data Stream 2 Data Stream 3 [l 3,u 3 ] [l 2,u 2 ] [l 1,u 1 ] Answer tolerance is met as long as no update is generated Answer tolerance is met as long as no update is generated Query Processing Unit Approximate Answer

13. Cheng,Kao,Prabhakar,Kwan,TuAdaptive Stream Filters for Entity-based Queries with Non-Value Tolerance 13 Adaptive Filter: Maintenance Phase Constraint Assignment Unit New Filter Bound User-defined Tolerance Update (v 2 >u 2 or v 2 < l 2 ) Data Stream 1 (v 1 ) Data Stream 2 (v 2 ) Data Stream 3 (v 3 ) [l 3,u 3 ] [l 2,u 2 ] [l 1,u 1 ] [l 2,u 2 ] Request Value v 3 Tolerance violated! trigger Maintenance Phase Query Processing Unit Approximate Answer Corrected Approximate Answer

14. Cheng,Kao,Prabhakar,Kwan,TuAdaptive Stream Filters for Entity-based Queries with Non-Value Tolerance 14 Contributions Apply filter bounds to rank-based / non-rank-based queries subject to rank-based / fraction-based tolerance to reduce message costs Correctness proofs, cost analysis and experimental evaluation of each protocol

15. Cheng,Kao,Prabhakar,Kwan,TuAdaptive Stream Filters for Entity-based Queries with Non-Value Tolerance 15 Filter Bound Protocols RTPFT-RP FT-NRP ZT-RPZT-NRP

16. Cheng,Kao,Prabhakar,Kwan,TuAdaptive Stream Filters for Entity-based Queries with Non-Value Tolerance 16 Non-Rank-based Queries S6S6 S5S5 S2S2 S7S7 S4S4 S8S8 S1S1 S3S3 Ordered Values Answer Set Example: 1D Range Query 2 6 11 14 23 25 34 41 Range = [10, 30]

17. Cheng,Kao,Prabhakar,Kwan,TuAdaptive Stream Filters for Entity-based Queries with Non-Value Tolerance 17 Fraction-based Tolerance S6S6 S5S5 S2S2 S7S7 S4S4 S8S8 S1S1 S3S3 Range of Q = [l, u] Ordered Values Update False Positive False Negative

18. Cheng,Kao,Prabhakar,Kwan,TuAdaptive Stream Filters for Entity-based Queries with Non-Value Tolerance 18 Fraction-based Tolerance Answer actually returned A(t) E + (t) True answer at time t |A(t)|-E + (t)E - (t) = |A(t)| - E + (t) + E - (t)

19. Cheng,Kao,Prabhakar,Kwan,TuAdaptive Stream Filters for Entity-based Queries with Non-Value Tolerance 19 Initialization Phase –Given ε + and ε - 1.Collect current stream values 2.For streams satisfying the range query Calculate no. of streams (E max + ) that can be false positives Calculate no. of streams (E max + ) that can be false positives Assign false +ve filters [-∞, + ∞] to E max streams Assign false +ve filters [-∞, + ∞] to E max streams Assign [l,u] to remaining ones Assign [l,u] to remaining ones 3.For streams failing the range query Calculate no. of streams (E max - ) that can be false negatives Calculate no. of streams (E max - ) that can be false negatives Assign false -ve filters [+∞, +∞] to E max - streams Assign false -ve filters [+∞, +∞] to E max - streams Assign [l,u] to remaining ones Assign [l,u] to remaining ones –Tolerance is satisfied if no new updates are received At any time t without update, F + (t) ≤  + F - (t) ≤  - At any time t without update, F + (t) ≤  + F - (t) ≤  -

20. Cheng,Kao,Prabhakar,Kwan,TuAdaptive Stream Filters for Entity-based Queries with Non-Value Tolerance 20 Maintenance Phase: Good Update S6S6 S5S5 S2S2 S7S7 S4S4 S8S8 S1S1 S3S3 Insert S 7 into A(t c ) Insert S 7 into A(t c ) F + and F - drop F + and F - drop F + (t c ) < F + (t 0 ) ≤  + F + (t c ) < F + (t 0 ) ≤  + F - (t c ) < F - (t 0 ) ≤  - F - (t c ) < F - (t 0 ) ≤  - Tolerance is met Tolerance is met time t c time t 0 Filter [l,u] Range of Q = [l, u]

21. Cheng,Kao,Prabhakar,Kwan,TuAdaptive Stream Filters for Entity-based Queries with Non-Value Tolerance 21 Maintenance Phase: Bad Update Remove S i from A(t c ) Remove S i from A(t c ) F + (t c ) ≤  + and F - (t c ) ≤  - may not be true F + (t c ) ≤  + and F - (t c ) ≤  - may not be true Quality of answer becomes worse Quality of answer becomes worse Procedure Fix to maintain tolerance Procedure Fix to maintain tolerance S6S6 S5S5 S2S2 S4S4 S8S8 S1S1 S3S3 time t c time t 0 Filter [l,u] Range of Q = [l, u] S7S7

22. Cheng,Kao,Prabhakar,Kwan,TuAdaptive Stream Filters for Entity-based Queries with Non-Value Tolerance 22 Fix: Consulting False Positive Filter S6S6 S5S5 S2S2 S7S7 S4S4 S8S8 S1S1 S3S3 Select stream S 4  A(t c ) with [-∞, +∞] filter Select stream S 4  A(t c ) with [-∞, +∞] filter Request S 4 for its updated value Request S 4 for its updated value If V 4  [l, u] If V 4  [l, u] –install [l, u] filter to S 4 –prove that F + (t c ) ≤  + and F - (t c ) ≤  - are satisfied If V 4  [l, u], consult a false – ve filter If V 4  [l, u], consult a false – ve filter Worst case: 5 messages Worst case: 5 messages [-∞, +∞] Filter [-∞, +∞] Range of Q = [l, u]

23. Cheng,Kao,Prabhakar,Kwan,TuAdaptive Stream Filters for Entity-based Queries with Non-Value Tolerance 23 Filter Bound Protocols for Rank- based Queries k-NN query is a representative of NN, Min, Max k-NN query is a representative of NN, Min, Max Fraction-based tolerance / k-NN query Fraction-based tolerance / k-NN query –View a k-NN query as a range query, by using the kth nearest neighbor as the “ range ” –Adapt fraction-based tolerance/range query Rank-based tolerance / k-NN query Rank-based tolerance / k-NN query –Maintain knowledge about (k+r) th and (k+r+1) st item –Filter bound is defined by the average of the (k+r) th and (k+r+1) st item

24. Cheng,Kao,Prabhakar,Kwan,TuAdaptive Stream Filters for Entity-based Queries with Non-Value Tolerance 24 Experiments Compare Compare –No filter is used at all –Filter protocols with zero tolerance –Our tolerance-based protocols Measure total no. of messages required for executing a continuous query Measure total no. of messages required for executing a continuous query

25. Cheng,Kao,Prabhakar,Kwan,TuAdaptive Stream Filters for Entity-based Queries with Non-Value Tolerance 25 Experimental Setup Real Data Real Data –30 days of wide-area traces of TCP connections based on TCP trace [ITA20] Synthetic Data Synthetic Data –Generated by CSIM 18 –Data value: Uniform distribution –Fluctuation of updates: Normal distribution –Interarrival time of updates: Exponential distribution

26. Cheng,Kao,Prabhakar,Kwan,TuAdaptive Stream Filters for Entity-based Queries with Non-Value Tolerance 26 Fraction-based Tolerance for Range Query with Real Data

27. Cheng,Kao,Prabhakar,Kwan,TuAdaptive Stream Filters for Entity-based Queries with Non-Value Tolerance 27 Fraction-based Tolerance for Range Query with Synthetic Data

28. Cheng,Kao,Prabhakar,Kwan,TuAdaptive Stream Filters for Entity-based Queries with Non-Value Tolerance 28 Conclusions Value-based tolerance can be difficult to specify for continuous queries in stream systems Value-based tolerance can be difficult to specify for continuous queries in stream systems Rank-based and fraction-based tolerance Rank-based and fraction-based tolerance Applied to rank- queries and non-rank- queries Applied to rank- queries and non-rank- queries Filter bound protocols translate non-value- tolerance to filter bounds Filter bound protocols translate non-value- tolerance to filter bounds Experiments illustrate protocol effectiveness Experiments illustrate protocol effectiveness Please contact Reynold Cheng (csckcheng@comp.polyu.edu.hk) for details

29. Cheng,Kao,Prabhakar,Kwan,TuAdaptive Stream Filters for Entity-based Queries with Non-Value Tolerance 29 Contact Information Reynold Cheng Hong Kong Polytechnic University Email: csckcheng@comp.polyu.edu.hk http://www.comp.polyu.edu.hk/~csckcheng

30. Cheng,Kao,Prabhakar,Kwan,TuAdaptive Stream Filters for Entity-based Queries with Non-Value Tolerance 30 Issues of Running Out of Filters If all false positive and false negative filters run out, the system degrades to one in which no tolerance is exploited If all false positive and false negative filters run out, the system degrades to one in which no tolerance is exploited To improve performance, initialization phase may be executed again To improve performance, initialization phase may be executed again Experiments over long-running queries Experiments over long-running queries

31. Cheng,Kao,Prabhakar,Kwan,TuAdaptive Stream Filters for Entity-based Queries with Non-Value Tolerance 31 Long-Running Queries

32. Cheng,Kao,Prabhakar,Kwan,TuAdaptive Stream Filters for Entity-based Queries with Non-Value Tolerance 32 Talk Outline Non-value-based Tolerance Non-value-based Tolerance Filter Bound Framework Filter Bound Framework Filter Bound for Fraction-based Tolerance for Non-rank-based Queries Filter Bound for Fraction-based Tolerance for Non-rank-based Queries Experimental Results Experimental Results Conclusions Conclusions

33. Cheng,Kao,Prabhakar,Kwan,TuAdaptive Stream Filters for Entity-based Queries with Non-Value Tolerance 33 Talk Outline Non-value-based Tolerance Non-value-based Tolerance Filter Bound Framework Filter Bound Framework Filter Bound for Fraction-based Tolerance for Non-rank-based Queries Filter Bound for Fraction-based Tolerance for Non-rank-based Queries Experimental Results Experimental Results Conclusions Conclusions

34. Cheng,Kao,Prabhakar,Kwan,TuAdaptive Stream Filters for Entity-based Queries with Non-Value Tolerance 34 Talk Outline Non-value-based Tolerance Non-value-based Tolerance Filter Bound Framework Filter Bound Framework Filter Bound for Fraction-based Tolerance for Non-rank-based Queries Filter Bound for Fraction-based Tolerance for Non-rank-based Queries Experimental Results Experimental Results Conclusions Conclusions

35. Cheng,Kao,Prabhakar,Kwan,TuAdaptive Stream Filters for Entity-based Queries with Non-Value Tolerance 35 Tolerance & Filter Bounds [OJW03] User Query Processing Unit Processor Continuous Query + Tolerance Result with Error Guarantee Constraint Assignment Unit stream dropped data constraint Filter bound [l,u] Update sent only when value crosses [l,u]

36. Cheng,Kao,Prabhakar,Kwan,TuAdaptive Stream Filters for Entity-based Queries with Non-Value Tolerance 36 Fraction-based Tolerance Answer actually returned A(t) E + (t) True answer at time t |A(t)|-E + (t)E - (t) = |A(t)| - E + (t) + E - (t)

37. Cheng,Kao,Prabhakar,Kwan,TuAdaptive Stream Filters for Entity-based Queries with Non-Value Tolerance 37 Zero Tolerance S6S6 S5S5 S2S2 S7S7 S4S4 S8S8 S1S1 S3S3 Update

38. Cheng,Kao,Prabhakar,Kwan,TuAdaptive Stream Filters for Entity-based Queries with Non-Value Tolerance 38 Zero-Tolerance Protocol (ZT-NRP) Given a range query [l,u] Given a range query [l,u] Initialization Phase Initialization Phase –Emit [l,u] to each stream source Maintenance Phase Maintenance Phase –For any stream source, if its value crosses [l,u], send its new value to the server –No message from server is needed Generates a lot of updates! Generates a lot of updates!

39. Cheng,Kao,Prabhakar,Kwan,TuAdaptive Stream Filters for Entity-based Queries with Non-Value Tolerance 39 Fix: Consulting False Positive Filter S6S6 S5S5 S2S2 S7S7 S4S4 S8S8 S1S1 S3S3 [-∞, +∞] Filter [-∞, +∞]

40. Cheng,Kao,Prabhakar,Kwan,TuAdaptive Stream Filters for Entity-based Queries with Non-Value Tolerance 40 Fix Step 2: Consulting False -ve Filter S6S6 S5S5 S2S2 S7S7 S4S4 S8S8 S1S1 S3S3 If S 4  A(t c ) If S 4  A(t c ) –remove S 4 from A(t) –Select stream S 7  A(t c ) with [+∞, +∞] filter –If V 7  [l, u], insert S 7 into answer set –install the [l, u] filter to S 7 –Prove that F + (t c ) ≤  + and F - (t c ) ≤  - are satisfied Worst case: 5 messages Worst case: 5 messages [-∞, +∞] Filter [-∞, +∞] [+∞, +∞] Filter [+∞, +∞] Range of Q = [l, u]

41. Cheng,Kao,Prabhakar,Kwan,TuAdaptive Stream Filters for Entity-based Queries with Non-Value Tolerance 41 Fix Step 2: Consulting False -ve Filter S6S6 S5S5 S2S2 S7S7 S4S4 S8S8 S1S1 S3S3 [-∞, +∞] Filter [-∞, +∞] [+∞, +∞] Filter [+∞, +∞]

42. Cheng,Kao,Prabhakar,Kwan,TuAdaptive Stream Filters for Entity-based Queries with Non-Value Tolerance 42 False +ve / -ve Filters Selection Heuristic