1. P H Y L U M N E M A T O DA ISABELLA DAO THONG NGUYEN PERIOD 6

2. G E N E R A L C H A R A C T E R I S T I C S Nematodes are commonly called roundworms. Nematodes are called so because “nematos,” in Greek, means thread. Not many species of nematodes are named, but it is estimated that there are around half a million species. They are unsegmented and can be microscopic to a meter long. Most nematodes are free-living, dwelling in between spaces of soils and sediments.

3. C L A S S E S O F P H Y L U M N E M A T O D A Class Adenophorea Unsegmented worms Simple non-tubular excretory system when present Male generally has two testes Sensory papillae in cephalic region and along the body Generally there are five esophageal glands Marine, freshwater, terrestrial Class Secernentea Pore-like or slit-like amphid apertures, always labial Excretory system tubular Male generally with a single testis Sensory papillae cephalic only, although may be caudal papillae in males Esophagus varies but has 3 esophageal glands Almost exclusively terrestrial, rarely freshwater or marine

4. CLASS ADENOPHOREA CLASS SECERNENTEA http://www.smittskyddsinstitutet.se/upload/Analyser-tv%C3%A5/ T R I C H U R I S – Hook Worm http://www.e-cleansing.com/common-roundworm-ascaris-lumbricoides-2/ A S C A R I S – Common Round Worm http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic-art/461262/6935/Pinworm E N T E R O B I U S – Pin Worm

5. Bilaterally symmetrical- it takes 1 plane to divide the organism into mirror image halves. Vermiform- resembling a worm; worm-shaped; long, slender, and cylindrical. http://tolweb.org/tree/ToLimages/PHIL_1448_lores1.250a.jpg http://www.fauna.is/photos/II020hringormur.jpg These nematodes are mirror image halves on both sides.

6. F E E D I NG Nematodes feed on about everything. Habitat and way of life determines feeding method utilized. Therefore, Nematodes have a wide range of feeding habits: carnivorous, herbivorous, and parasitic. Have complete digestive system with mouth and anus Nematodes do not have stomachs, only intestines. http://www.berkley.k12.mi.us/file_repository/id152709nemata.ppt# 263,8,How do nematodes circulate nutrients and osmoregulate?

7. F E E D I N G C O N T. The mouth of a nematode opens to a muscular pharynx. This pharynx pumps food from the mouth to the intestine Nutrients and wastes are distributed in the body cavity. Digestion first occurs first in the intestinal lumen (space inside the intestines). Digestion is completed intracellularly. Digestive enzymes are produced by a single layer of epithelial cells lining the intestines. http://soils.usda.gov/sqi/concepts/soil_biology/nematodes.html

8. Picture of a male nematode (Use this diagram for reference when looking at parts of nematodes). http://www.sci.sdsu.edu/classes/bio201/NEMATODA%20B.GIF F E E D I N G C O N T.

9. Nematodes can parasitize plants, animals, and humans. They are virtually parasitic to every type of animal and plants. Round worms (Ascaris Lumbricoides) in the human intestine.  http://www.bioraynaturaldetox.com/uploads/images/roundworm.jpg F E E D I N G C O N T.

10. R E S P I R A T I O N Nematodes do not have respiratory systems. They obtain oxygen by diffusion from the surrounding environment through the cuticle.  (right) Sediments with crevices in which Anatartic nematodes live. http://static.radionz.net.nz/assets/image/0007/1660084/varieti es/443_full_width.jpg

11. Nematodes do not have circulatory systems. Circulation occurs through the movement of fluids back and forth in the pseudocoelom.

12. E X C R E T I O N Excretion of metabolic waste (ammonia/urea) via diffusion across body walls No formal internal transport system Excretory canals located on both sides of the intestine facilitate waste disposal by carriage of material to an excretory pore in the body wall. http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/sciences/zoology/biologicaldiverstity/AnimalsI/AnimalsI.htm

13. R E S P O N S E Simple nervous system consisting of several ganglia They have a ring of amphids and phasmids (somewhat complex sense organs) that surround anterior and posterior end, respectively Four primary nerves run the length of the body on the dorsal, ventral, and lateral surfaces Body of nematodes are covered in sensory bristles and papillae that provide sense of touch

14. M O V E M E N T No circular muscle in body walls Longitudinal muscle flexion combined with high internal fluid pressure produces whip-like wriggle Each muscle cell has a contractile fibrillar portion and a noncontractile sarcoplasmic portion Pseudoceolom and outer cuticle provide “hydroskeleton” for movement http://www.berkley.k12.mi.us/file_repository/id152709nemata.p pt#260,5,How do nematodes support themselves and move?

15. R E P R O D U C T I O N Sexual reproduction with sexes separate (dioecious) Internal fertilization Zygotes covered in shells and directly deposited Males usually smaller than females Both sexes possess one or two tubular gonads (organs that produce gametes, i.e. testes and ovaries) http://www.protocol-online.org/biology-forums/posts/25467.html

16. W O R K C I T E D Ascaris. Digital image. Web. 16 Apr. 2010.. "Ascaris Lumbricoides: EMedicine Emergency Medicine." EMedicine - Medical Reference. Web. 16 Apr. 2010.. "Bilaterally Symmetrical Definition." Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Cell Biology - Weinberg College of Arts and Sciences - Northwestern University. Web. 16 Apr. 2010.. Circular Nematode. Digital image. Web. 16 Apr. 2010.. Dictionary.com. Web. 16 Apr. 2010.. Enterobius. Digital image. Web. 17 Apr. 2010.. "Flukes." Biology Program at ISU. Web. 16 Apr. 2010.. "Introduction to the Nematoda." UCMP - University of California Museum of Paleontology. Web. 17 Apr. 2010.. Nematode diagram. Digital image. Web. 16 Apr. 2010.. Nematode Excretion. Digital image. Web. 16 Apr. 2010.. Nematode feeding. Digital image. Web. 18 Apr. 2010.. Nematode movement. Digital image. Web. 17 Apr. 2010.. Nematode Reproduction. Digital image. Web. 17 Apr. 2010.. Nematode worm. Digital image. Web. 16 Apr. 2010.. "The Nematodes (Phylum Nematoda)." The Earth Life Web. Web. 16 Apr. 2010.. Photographs. Deviant Art. Web. 18 Apr. 2010.. Photographs. Flickr. Flickr. Web. 18 Apr. 2010.. "Radio New Zealand National : Programmes A-Z : Our Changing World : 20080717." Radio New Zealand. Web. 16 Apr. 2010.. Round Worm - Ascaris. Digital image. Web. 17 Apr. 2010.. Trichuris. Digital image. Web. 17 Apr. 2010..