1. Unit 2 Civilization and Development in the Neolithic Age
Section 3
Egypt

2. Key Terms shadoof = ___________________ pharaoh = ___________________
pyramids = ___________________
embalming = ___________________
mummy = ___________________

3. hieroglyphics
papyrus
Narmer
Ahmose
Thutmose III
Hatshepsut
Amenhotep IV
Nile River
Punt
Thebes

4. The Nile The Nile River Valley is located in Northeast Africa.
It is the ____________ river in the world.
Its inhabitants borrowed many of their ideas from the ____________.

5. The Extent of the River
The Nile flows 4,145 miles from the mountains of central Africa to the Mediterranean Sea.
Shortly before it reaches the sea it branches into a fertile fan shaped area called a ____________.

6. Most ancient Egyptians lived in the delta region.
This area was protected from foreign invasions by the desert, the sea, and waterfalls called ____________.

7. Advantages of the Egyptians
The Egyptians had a tremendous ____________ over other river valley civilizations.
The Nile flooded its banks every year in the middle of July.

8. When the flood water receded, the plains were left with ____________, which was extremely fertile soil good for growing crops.
Egyptians planted when the soil was still wet.
To water their fields they built a machine called a ____________, to lift water from the basin.

9. The Old Kingdom At first there were two __________ of Egypt.
Upper Egypt = Southern Area
Lower Egypt = The Delta Area

10. Lower
Egypt
Upper
Egypt

11. King Narmer Also known as ____________ From Upper Egypt
In c.3100 BC he led his armies north to the Delta region, married one of its princesses, and united the country.

12. He wore a double crown.
High white for the south
Shallow red for the north.
Set up his capital in ____________, a city on the border of upper and lower Egypt.

13. In c.2600 BC the _______________ began.
Most Egyptians did not live in the cities at this time.
They live on large estates along the banks of the Nile.

14. Egyptian Rulers The first Egyptian rulers were kings.
Later they were called ___________, which meant “great house”
The pharaoh was a ruler, a priest, and a god.

15. Duties of the Pharaoh Owned all of the land in Egypt.
Gave large amounts to ________ and rich Egyptians.
Made sure the land produced well.
Built dams and irrigation canals.

16. The Pharaoh was ALL things!!!
Built granaries.
Chose all government officials.
Collected taxes.
Gathered building permits.
First to cut the ripe grain before harvest.
The Pharaoh was ALL things!!!

17. Pyramids and Religious Beliefs
The Pyramids were essentially built as great ____________.
Designed to protect the pharaoh’s body from flood, wild animals, and robbers.

18. The Pyramids Giza, Egypt

19. Most of the pharaoh’s valuable personal belongings were placed in the tombs to be carried into the afterlife with the pharaoh.
It was originally believed that _____________ built the pyramids.
The builders were actually paid _____________ who worked when their fields were flooded during the summer months.

21. Gods and Goddesses The Egyptians believed in many gods.
The most important were:
__________ = River god
_________ = Sun god

22. __________ = God of harvest and eternal life and weigher of the soul.
__________ = Wife of Osirus
__________ = Son of Osirus and Isis.

23. Isis
Osirus

24. Horus
The image to the right comes from the "Book of the Dead"(13th century B.C.) which was a collection of spells, hymns, and prayers intended to secure a safe passage to the underworld for the deceased. Horus is depicted as a man with the head of a falcon. Here, Horus is wearing the costume of a king and the double crown of Upper and Lower Egypt. He leads the soul of the scribe Ani into the presence of Osiris.
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25. The Egyptians used a process of _________________ to preserve dead bodies.
First pharaohs were the only one embalmed, later it was used to preserve other prominent people.
The afterlife was the most important value to all Egyptians.

26. The wrapped body was known as a mummy.
Some tools of the trade: linen, sawdust, lichen, beeswax, resin, natron, onion, Nile mud, linen pads,& frankincense.

27. Canopic Jars
One of Horus's four sons was represented on the lid of each jar. The human-headed Imsety looked after the liver; Hapy, a baboon, guarded the lungs; Duamutef, a jackal, protected the stomach; and Qebehsenuef, a falcon, cared for the intestines.

28. Middle Kingdom
In about 2300 BC government officials, jealous of the pharaoh’s power, took control of Egypt.
200 years of turmoil and confusion followed.

29. Pharaohs had __________ power in the middle kingdom.
Pharaohs were no longer buried in tombs.
The Middle Kingdom came to an end in 1786 BC when Egypt was taken over by the ___________, a people from western Asia.

30. The Hyksos crossed the desert in horse drawn chariots and used weapons made of __________ and __________.
The Egyptians used weapons of copper and stone. Therefore, the Egyptians were defeated by a __________ military force.

31. The Hyksos ruled Egypt for about 150 years.
Around 1500 BC an Egyptian prince named __________ , using Hyksos weapons, led an uprising and drove out the Hyksos.

32. New Kingdom
The expulsion of the Hyksos brought about the _____________.
Ahmose began yet another line of pharaohs.

33. Most of the pharaohs that we know a great deal about reigned in the New Kingdom.
Tutmose I, II, III, IV
Hatshepsut
Amenhotep IV (wife Nefertiri)
Tutankhamen
Ramses II
It was a very ______________ time for Egypt.

34. New Kingdom Rulers Tutmose I was the father of Tutmose II.
Tutmose II was Hatshepsut’s husband.
Hatshepsut was
the first female
_____________.

35. She was one of the most powerful pharaohs in Egyptian history.
She traded goods with the land of Punt, which was located in East Africa. This was the _____________ trading expedition in Egyptian history.

36. Tutmose III was the son of Tutmose II and stepson to Hatshepsut.
He was extremely angry with Hatshepsut for taking over his thrown.
He ghd her name erased from all Egyptian monuments and texts.
Archaeologists pieced together artifacts and rediscovered her.

37. Religion Religion in the New Kingdom changed.
They began to worship a new god:
_____________________ (god of Thebes combined with the god of the sun)
Became the most powerful god in Egypt.

38. Temples became ________ centers, not just houses of worship.
Scribes were taught here.
Gave work to sculptors and artisans.
Treasuries.

39. Writing
Egyptian scribes wrote in ancient pictographs called _________________.
_________________ was the paper used for writing hieroglyphics.

41. Decline Over time, ___________ of Amon-Re gained power and wealth.
The pharaoh’s power began to decline.
1350 BC Amenhotep IV came to the thrown.

42. He wanted to restore power to the pharaohs.
He closed the temples of Amon-Re.
Fired all temple workers.
Set up a new religion where only ______ god was worshipped.

43. The new god was __________.
Amenhotep changed his name to Akhenaton, or “son of Aton.”
Only his family and close advisors accepted his new religion.
His religion failed miserably, as did his reign. He was probably murdered.

44. Tut and Ramesses I In 1360 BC Amenhotep dies.
His son-in-law takes over.
Tutankhamen
He returned to the old religion, but died early at age 19.

45. Tut ended the 18th dynasty.
Ramses I came to power and began the 19th and final __________ of an independent Egypt.
__________ (grandson of Ramses I) was the last wealthy and powerful ruler of Egypt.

46. Ramses II
c BC
Seti I
c BC

47. Ramses II was also known as “Ramses the Great.”
He was a Great builder, but spent much of Egypt’s treasury.
He died without an __________, which left Egypt in a state of turmoil.
By 1150 BC, Egypt’s empire was gone.

48. End of the Empire
Egypt became increasingly weak until 671 BC when the __________ took control.
All other pharaohs were puppets of another empire.
This included the last pharaoh, __________ , who was a puppet to the Roman Empire.

49. Contributions Invented paper known as papyrus.
Used a number system based on the number 10.
Made huge achievements in mathematics.
Used fractions, whole numbers, and __________.

50. The Egyptians made huge contributions in medicine.
First to operate.
First to set broken bones.
First specialized medicine:
Dentists, brain surgeons, veterinarians, & eye doctors.