1. ECE 4110 – Internetwork Programming Subnetting, Supernetting, and Classless Addressing

2. Spring 2003 Tuna Tugcu ECE 4110 – Internetwork Programming 2 IP Addresses IP address is 32 bits long. Conceptually the address is the pair (NETID, HOSTID). IP domain name and addresses managed: Formerly, by IANA (Internet Assigned Numbers Authority) Now by ICANN (Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers)

3. 3 Classful Addressing (revisited)

4. Spring 2003 Tuna Tugcu ECE 4110 – Internetwork Programming 4 Classful Addressing (cont’d) Historically, a class A address was assigned to networks with > 2 16 (65,536) hosts. Class B to networks with 2 8 (256) to 2 16 hosts. Class C to networks with < 2 18 hosts. Class E was reserved for future use.

5. Spring 2003 Tuna Tugcu ECE 4110 – Internetwork Programming 5 Classful Addressing (cont’d) Scaling issues: Eventual exhaustion of the IPv4 address space. Ability to route traffic between ever increasing number of networks that comprise the internet. IPv4 uses 32 bit address 2 32  4.3 billion addresses, and six billion lives on earth at present. CIDR (Classless Inter-Domain Routing) slowed down address exhaustion.

6. Spring 2003 Tuna Tugcu ECE 4110 – Internetwork Programming 6 Classful Addressing (cont’d) Class A all 0s network number is used to represent the “default” route (0.0.0.0). A routing table entry that means any destination not matching any other table entry should be sent to the default route. Class A all 1s network number is loopback. Packet never leaves the machine. Used for testing the protocol stack or accesing processes on the same machine. Another block (netid 10) in Class A address space is reserved for private use. 2 7 - 3 = 125 class A networks.

7. Spring 2003 Tuna Tugcu ECE 4110 – Internetwork Programming 7 Classful Addressing (cont’d) 16 class B blocks are reserved for private addresses. 2 14 - 16 = 16,368 class B blocks. 256 Class C blocks are used for private addresses. 2 21 -256 = 2,096,896 class C networks.

8. Spring 2003 Tuna Tugcu ECE 4110 – Internetwork Programming 8 Classful Addressing (cont’d) Most of class E is wasted. Nobody wants class C. In the beginning: IP addresses were assigned based on request, not need. 32-bit address was thought to be plenty. Classful addressing is easy to understand and implement, but not efficient. Class C blocks are too small, class B blocks are too large.

9. Spring 2003 Tuna Tugcu ECE 4110 – Internetwork Programming 9 Subnetting Makes the subnet structure of a network invisible outside the organization’s private network. External Internet does not need to know internal subnet structure. To reach any host, external routers only need to know the path to the “gateway” router for the entire subnetwork. Subnetting reduces the size of routing tables.

10. Spring 2003 Tuna Tugcu ECE 4110 – Internetwork Programming 10 Subnetting (cont’d) At boot time, a machine gets its own IP address (E.g., stored on disk). Host also needs to know how many bits are used for subnet ID and how many for host ID. This is the subnet mask. Subnet mask is 32 bit value containing “one bits” for the network ID and subnet ID, “zero valued bits” for host ID.

11. Spring 2003 Tuna Tugcu ECE 4110 – Internetwork Programming 11 Subnetting (cont’d) When a host is given its own IP address and its subnetwork mask it can then figure out: Am I class A, B, or C address? Look at higher order bits. Where is the boundary between the network ID and the subnet ID? Defined by class definition. Where is the boundary between the subnet ID and the host ID? Host ID is 0s in mask.

12. Spring 2003 Tuna Tugcu ECE 4110 – Internetwork Programming 12 Subnetting (cont’d) All 0’s host number is used to identify the base network (or subnetwork). All 1’s host number represents broadcast address for the network (or subnetwork). It is also possible to deploy network numbers from the private address space for internal connectivity (RFC 1918). A Network Address Translator (NAT) must be used to provide external internet access.

13. Spring 2003 Tuna Tugcu ECE 4110 – Internetwork Programming 13 A Network with Two Levels of Hierarchy (not subnetted)

14. 14 A Network with Three Levels of Hierarchy (subnetted)

15. Spring 2003 Tuna Tugcu ECE 4110 – Internetwork Programming 15 Addresses in a Network with and without Subnetting “Site+Subnet id” is called extended network prefix.

16. Spring 2003 Tuna Tugcu ECE 4110 – Internetwork Programming 16 Analogy from the Telephone Network

17. 17 Default Mask vs Subnet Mask

18. Spring 2003 Tuna Tugcu ECE 4110 – Internetwork Programming 18 Finding the Subnet Address: Straight Method 11001000 00101101 00100010 00111000 11111111 11111111 11110000 00000000 11001000 00101101 00100000 00000000 The subnetwork address is 200.45.32.0.

19. Spring 2003 Tuna Tugcu ECE 4110 – Internetwork Programming 19 Finding the Subnet Address: Short-Cut Method

20. Spring 2003 Tuna Tugcu ECE 4110 – Internetwork Programming 20 Comparison of a Default Mask and a Subnet Mask The number of subnets must be a power of 2.

21. Spring 2003 Tuna Tugcu ECE 4110 – Internetwork Programming 21 Example A company is granted the site address 201.70.64.0 (class C). The company needs six subnets. Design the subnets.

22. Spring 2003 Tuna Tugcu ECE 4110 – Internetwork Programming 22 Example (Sol’n) The number of 1s in the default mask is 24 (class C). 6 is not a power of 2. The next number that is a power of 2 is 8. We need 3 more 1s in the subnet mask. The total number of 1s in the subnet mask is 27 (24 + 3). Subnet mask: 11111111 11111111 11111111 11100000, or 255.255.255.224

23. 23 Example (Sol’n)

24. Spring 2003 Tuna Tugcu ECE 4110 – Internetwork Programming 24 Variable Length Subnet Masks (VLSM) IP network is subdivided in unequal pieces. Each subnetwork has its own mask thus “extended-network-prefixes” have different lengths. Allows size of subnets to reflect the number of required host addresses in each subdivision.

25. Spring 2003 Tuna Tugcu ECE 4110 – Internetwork Programming 25 VLSM (cont’d) We want to use: Smaller subnets (longer masks) where we have fewer nodes. Larger subnets (shorter masks) where we have more nodes. Routing protocols must carry extended-network- prefix information with each route advertisement. OK to use: OSPF, RIPV2, IS-IS, CISCO’s E–IGRP they are all classless Routers must use a forwarding algorithm based on longest match.

26. Spring 2003 Tuna Tugcu ECE 4110 – Internetwork Programming 26 VLSM (cont’d)

27. Spring 2003 Tuna Tugcu ECE 4110 – Internetwork Programming 27 VLSM: Example 1 Destination: 10.1.2.5 = 00001010.00000001.00000010.00000101 Routing table has entries for: Route #1: 10.1.0.0/ 24 10.1.0.0/24 = [00001010.00000001.00000000].00000000 Route #2: 10.1.2.0/ 24 10.1.2.0/24 = [00001010.00000001.00000010].00000000 Route #3: 10.1.0.0/ 16 10.1.0.0/16 = [00001010.00000001].00000000.00000000 Route #2 has the longest matching prefix.

28. Spring 2003 Tuna Tugcu ECE 4110 – Internetwork Programming 28 Sidenote: Private Networks IANA has reserved the following addresses as private networks (RFC – 1918). 10.0.0.0 - 10.255.255.255 (10.0.0.0/8 prefix) 172.16.0.0 - 172.31.255.255 (172.16.0.0/12 prefix) 192.168.0.0 - 192.168.255.255 (192.168.0.0/16 prefix) Private networks are not routable on the Internet. They can be used simultaneously by many organizations.

29. Spring 2003 Tuna Tugcu ECE 4110 – Internetwork Programming 29 VLSM: Example 2 An organization has the “private” network prefix 192.168.0.0/16 and plans to deploy VLSM. Here is their plan: 16 Equal size blocks => 4 bits 192.168.0.0/16 0 1 2 3 … 12 13 14 15  0 1 … 30 31 0 1 … 6 7 0 1 … 14 15

30. Spring 2003 Tuna Tugcu ECE 4110 – Internetwork Programming 30 VLSM: Example 2 (cont’d) To have 16 equal size blocks 2 4 =16 =>4 bits are needed beyond /16 => 20 extended-network- prefix. Each of these blocks has 2 12 =4096 addresses inside.

31. Spring 2003 Tuna Tugcu ECE 4110 – Internetwork Programming 31 VLSM: Example 2 (cont’d) Base Prefix:11000000.10101000.00000000.00000000= 192.168.0.0/16 Subnet # 0:11000000.10101000.00000000.00000000= 192.168.0.0/20 Subnet # 1:11000000.10101000.00010000.00000000= 192.168.16.0/20 Subnet # 2:11000000.10101000.00100000.00000000= 192.168.32.0/20 Subnet # 3:11000000.10101000.00110000.00000000= 192.168.48.0/20 Subnet # 4:11000000.10101000.01000000.00000000= 192.168.64.0/20 …… Subnet # 13:11000000.10101000.11010000.00000000= 192.168.208.0/20 Subnet # 14:11000000.10101000.11100000.00000000= 192.168.224.0/20 Subnet # 15:11000000.10101000.11110000.00000000= 192.168.240.0/20

32. Spring 2003 Tuna Tugcu ECE 4110 – Internetwork Programming 32 VLSM: Example 3 While at this level in the hierarchical addressing plan, let’s look at the resulting host addresses available for Subnet #3. Define the host addresses for Subnet #3 4 (192.168.48.0/20). 192.168.0.0/16 0 1 2 3 … 12 13 14 15 0 1 … 30 31 0 1 … 6 7 0 1 … 14 15

33. Spring 2003 Tuna Tugcu ECE 4110 – Internetwork Programming 33 VLSM: Example 3 (cont’d) Subnet #3:11000000.10101000.00110000.00000000= 192.168.48.0 /20 Host #1:11000000.10101000.00110000.00000001= 192.168.48.1 Host #2:11000000.10101000.00110000.00000010= 192.168.48.2 Host #3:11000000.10101000.00110000.00000011= 192.168.48.3 …… Host #4093:11000000.10101000.00111111.11111101= 192.168.63.253 Host #4094:11000000.10101000.00111111.11111110= 192.168.63.254 The broadcast address for Subnet #3 4 is found by setting the host-number field to all 1s. Broadcast : 11000000.1010100.00111111.11111111 = 192.168.63.255

34. Spring 2003 Tuna Tugcu ECE 4110 – Internetwork Programming 34 VLSM: Example (Notation) We are working with a /16 base address  Subnet #3 4 is the subnet with value 3  20-bit extended network prefix (a 4-bit field has been added to the /16 base address) Subnet #14 4 -#14 4 is Sub-subnet #14 under Subnet #14. Both subnet and sub-subnet fields are 4 bits. Thus, the extended network prefix is now 24 bits long.

35. Spring 2003 Tuna Tugcu ECE 4110 – Internetwork Programming 35 VLSM: Example 4 While still at the same level, let’s look at the 16 subnets we have under Subnet #14 4 (192.168.224.0/20). 192.168.0.0/16 0 1 2 3 … 12 13 14 15 0 1 … 30 31 0 1 … 6 7 0 1 … 14 15

36. Spring 2003 Tuna Tugcu ECE 4110 – Internetwork Programming 36 VLSM: Example 4 (cont’d) Subnet # 14:11000000.10101000.11100000.00000000= 192.168.224.0/20 Subnet # 14-0:11000000.10101000.11100000.00000000= 192.168.224.0/24 Subnet # 14-1:11000000.10101000.11100001.00000000= 192.168.225.0/24 Subnet # 14-2:11000000.10101000.11100010.00000000= 192.168.226.0/24 Subnet # 14-3:11000000.10101000.11100011.00000000= 192.168.227.0/24 Subnet # 14-4:11000000.10101000.11100100.00000000= 192.168.228.0/24 …… Subnet # 14-14:11000000.10101000.11101110.00000000= 192.168.238.0/24 Subnet # 14-15:11000000.10101000.11101111.00000000= 192.168.239.0/24

37. Spring 2003 Tuna Tugcu ECE 4110 – Internetwork Programming 37 VLSM: Example 5 Still at the same level, let’s look at the host addresses on one of these new sub – subnets, Sub-subnet #14 4 -#3 4 (192.168.227.0/24). 192.168.0.0/16 0 1 2 3 … 12 13 14 15 0 1 … 30 31 0 1 … 6 7 0 1 2 3 … 14 15

38. Spring 2003 Tuna Tugcu ECE 4110 – Internetwork Programming 38 VLSM: Example 5 (cont’d) Subnet #14 4 -#3 4 :11000000.10101000.11100011.00000000 = 192.168.227.0/24 Host #1:11000000.10101000.11100011.00000001 = 192.168.227.1 Host #2:11000000.10101000.11100011.00000010 = 192.168.227.2 Host #3:11000000.10101000.11100011.00000011 = 192.168.227.3 Host #4:11000000.10101000.11100011.00000100 = 192.168.227.4 Host #5:11000000.10101000.11100011.00000101 = 192.168.227.5 …… Host #253:11000000.10101000.11100011.11111101 = 192.168.227.253 Host #254:11000000.10101000.11100011.11111110 = 192.168.227.254 The broadcast address for Subnet # 14 4 –#3 4 is determined by setting all the bits in the host number field to 1: Broadcast:11000000.10101000.11100011.11111111 = 192.168.227.255

39. Spring 2003 Tuna Tugcu ECE 4110 – Internetwork Programming 39 VLSM: Example 6 Let’s go down one more level, and look at sub-subnet #14 4 –#14 4 (192.168.238.0/24). 192.168.0.0/16 0 1 2 3 … 12 13 14 15 0 1 … 30 31 0 1 … 6 7 0 1 … 14 15

40. Spring 2003 Tuna Tugcu ECE 4110 – Internetwork Programming 40 VLSM: Example 6 (cont’d) Since 8 = 2 3, 3 more bits are required to identify each of eight subnets. Extended-network-prefix length will be /27. Subnet #14-14:11000000.10101000.11101110.00000000 = 192.168.238.0/24 Subnet #14-14-0:11000000.10101000.11101110.00000000 = 192.168.238.0/27 Subnet #14-14-1:11000000.10101000.11101110.00100000 = 192.168.238.32/27 Subnet #14-14-2:11000000.10101000.11101110.01000000 = 192.168.238.64/27 Subnet #14-14-3:11000000.10101000.11101110.01100000 = 192.168.238.96/27 Subnet #14-14-4:11000000.10101000.11101110.10000000 = 192.168.238.128/27 Subnet #14-14-5:11000000.10101000.11101110.10100000 = 192.168.238.160/27 Subnet #14-14-6:11000000.10101000.11101110.11000000 = 192.168.238.192/27 Subnet #14-14-7:11000000.10101000.11101110.11100000 = 192.168.238.224/27

41. Spring 2003 Tuna Tugcu ECE 4110 – Internetwork Programming 41 Going the Other Way: Supernetting Several class C blocks combined to create larger blocks. Two methods: Pick the blocks to be merged randomly. Routers outside the organization treat each block separately. Pick them according to a set of rules: Number of blocks must be a power of 2. Blocks must be contiguous. If number of blocks is N, third byte of the first address must be divisible by N.

42. Spring 2003 Tuna Tugcu ECE 4110 – Internetwork Programming 42 Supernetting (cont’d)

43. Spring 2003 Tuna Tugcu ECE 4110 – Internetwork Programming 43 Comparison of Subnet, Sefault, and Supernet Masks

44. Spring 2003 Tuna Tugcu ECE 4110 – Internetwork Programming 44 Supernetting: Example 1 Question: We need to make a supernetwork out of 16 class C blocks. What is the supernet mask? Solution: For 16 blocks, we need to change four 1s to 0s in the default mask. So, the mask is 11111111 11111111 11110000 00000000 or 255.255.240.0

45. Spring 2003 Tuna Tugcu ECE 4110 – Internetwork Programming 45 Supernetting: Example 2 A supernet has a first address of 205.16.32.0 and a supernet mask of 255.255.248.0. A router receives three packets with the following destination addresses: 205.16.37.44 205.16.42.56 205.17.33.76 Which packet belongs to the supernet?

46. Spring 2003 Tuna Tugcu ECE 4110 – Internetwork Programming 46 Supernetting: Example 2 (sol’n) Apply the supernet mask to see if we can find the beginning address. 205.16.37.44 AND 255.255.248.0  205.16.32.0 205.16.42.56 AND 255.255.248.0  205.16.40.0 205.17.33.76 AND 255.255.248.0  205.17.32.0 Only the first address belongs to this supernet.

47. Spring 2003 Tuna Tugcu ECE 4110 – Internetwork Programming 47 Supernetting: Example 3 A supernet has a first address of 205.16.32.0 and a supernet mask of 255.255.248.0. How many blocks are in this supernet and what is the range of addresses?

48. Spring 2003 Tuna Tugcu ECE 4110 – Internetwork Programming 48 Supernetting: Example 3 (sol’n) Supernet mask has 21 1s. Default mask has 24 1s. (difference of 3 bits)  2 3 or 8 blocks in this supernet. Blocks are 205.16.32.0 to 205.16.39.0. First address is 205.16.32.0. Last address is 205.16.39.255.

49. Spring 2003 Tuna Tugcu ECE 4110 – Internetwork Programming 49 CIDR: Classless InterDomain Routing CIDR removes concept of class A, B, C network addresses. Instead, uses concept of network prefix. CIDR supports arbitrary sized networks. Routers use network prefix instead of first 3 bits of IP address to determine dividing point between network number and host number.

50. Spring 2003 Tuna Tugcu ECE 4110 – Internetwork Programming 50 CIDR (cont’d) Constraints: Block size must be a power of 2. Beginning address must be divisible by block size. E.g.: If the block contains 4 addresses, the starting address cannot be 193.140.196.2, because: 11000001 10001100 11000100 00000010 11000001 10001100 11000100 00000011 11000001 10001100 11000100 00000100 11000001 10001100 11000100 00000101