1. Secondary analysis in reflection: some experiences of re-use from an oral history perspective Novella ESRC seminar Institute of Education 4 June 2013

2. Secondary analysis: reuse of one’s own o r another’s archived data - why? assess the credibility of new research and/or the generalisability of small studies by looking at established data supplement one’s own primary data, e.g. as exploratory analyses prior to new data collection provide rich descriptive information, e.g. to provide an historical perspective reveal new methodological insights by reflecting on previously conducted research generate new findings by analysing ‘old’ data from a ‘new’ research context and/or lens gain further insight on hard to reach populations or sensitive topics without further intrusion into vulnerable populations

3. Or simply to: share data take part in a natural research activity to undertake research in cash- limited times

4. Early encounters with secondary analysis - 1970s onwards - unreflected borrowing and an ethical question

5. Researching the history of the geriatric specialty The Jefferys dataset 54 oral history interviews carried out with doctors who pioneered the geriatric specialty by Professor Margot Jefferys and colleagues in 1990-1 (Wellcome funded, deposited in British Library) The South Asian geriatricians dataset 60 oral history interviews carried out in 2007-09 with retired and serving geriatricians, all overseas-trained (ESRC funded, Bornat, Henry & Raghuram, deposited in British Library)

6. Noting a presence Well, yes. One of the problems has been that staffing of geriatric departments hasn't always been easy, we have had to appoint quite a lot of doctors from the Indian sub-continent to be registrars and even senior registrars, so for quite a period the only applicants for consultant jobs were in fact not British citizens trained by British methods. They had been to respectable geriatric departments and learnt the trade but when they got appointed to x, y, z, they had Indian or Pakistani names or whatever else. And it tended to get known as the sort of, you know, dark-skinned specialty. John Agate Jefferys interview b.1919

7. The overseas trained doctor’s perspective First of all in the initial days they filled the jobs when nobody else would take it. And they tried to copy the best leaders. And implement changes in their own patch like the best leaders had done. So there were geriatricians in hospitals where facilities were so poor I probably wouldn’t work in those even today. And so that’s one of the things that they went to the areas where local doctors didn’t go. And they filled those jobs where local doctors weren’t interested. It wasn’t that the local doctors didn’t get those jobs. They weren’t interested in those jobs. DS, Male, SAG interviewee, consultant physician in general medicine, interviewed 2008, born India 1945, arrived in UK 1973

8. Ethical issues in re-interpretation Does asking new questions and finding new interpretations in the archived data of another researcher raise ethical issues? But: ‘[i]f you only work on the basis of your own personal history...your one- person-panel sociological imagination will be weak and partial’ (Wengraf, 2001: 258)

9. The Oldest Generation: a Timescapes project Over an an eighteen month period, autumn 2007 to summer 2009 Twelve diverse families, each including at least one person aged 75 or more, recruited through the UK-wide Open University network One member of the family aged 75 or more, nominated as the Senior One member nominated as the Recorder Life history interviews with the 12 seniors, autumn 2007 Diaries kept by the 12 recorders over an 18-month period Photographs taken by the recorders and others Monthly contact with the recorders (Data archived at: http://timescapes.leeds.ac.uk)

10. Two examples of insights from reconsidering the TOG data Family communications - from ‘Intergenerational Exchange’ project Ways of becoming a father - from the ‘Men as Fathers’ project

11. Developing guidelines - the Timescapes approach The 7 Timescapes projects - differing histories: - earlier waves of data ready for deposit - differing experiences of ethical requirements from ‘light touch’ to ‘conservative scientific norms’ - levels of access the chosen solution

12. Continuing discussion points Knowability of data Strategies for sharing Dissemination of findings Researcher reputation

13. Bibliography Biernacki, R (2012) Reinventing Evidence in Social Inquiry: Decoding facts and variables, Basingstoke:Palgrave Macmillan. Bishop, L (2007) ‘A reflexive account of reusing qualitative data: beyond Primary/Secondary dualism’, Sociological Research Online, 12, 3. Bornat, J (2003) 'A second take: revisiting interviews with a different purpose', Oral History, vol.31, no.1 pp.47-53 Bornat, Joanna (2005). Recycling the Evidence: Different Approaches to the Reanalysis of Gerontological Data [37 paragraphs]. Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung / Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 6(1), Art. 42, Bornat, J, Henry, L & Raghuram, P (2009) '"Don't mix race with the specialty": interviewing South Asian overseas-trained geriatricians', Oral History, vol.38, no.1 pp.74-84. Bornat, J (2010) ‘Remembering and reworking emotions: the reanalysis of emotion in an interview’, Oral History, 38, 2: 43-52. Bornat, J & Bytheway, (2010) ‘Perceptions and presentations of living with everyday risk in later life’, British Journal of Social Work, 20: 1118-1134 Bornat, J. and Bytheway, B. (2010) ‘Late Life Reflections on the Downturn: Perspectives from The Oldest Generation’, 21 st Century Society, 5(2) pp.183-92 Bornat, J, Raghuram, P & Henry, L (2012) ‘Revisiting the archives: a case study from the history of geriatric medicine’, Sociological Research Online, 17, 2, 11. Bornat, J (forthcoming), ‘Epistemology and ethics in data sharing and analysis: a critical overview’, in L Camfield, ed, Research in International Development: a critical overview, Basingstoke, Palgrave. Corti, Louise & Thompson, Paul (2004). Secondary analysis of archived data. In Clive Seale, Giampetro Gobo, Jaber F. Gubrium & David Silverman (Eds.), Qualitative Research Practice (pp. 328-343). London: Sage. Elliot, R (2001) ‘Growing up and giving up: smoking in Paul Thompson’s 100 Families’, Oral History, 29, 1, pp 73-84. Hammersley, M (1997) ‘Qualitative data archiving: its prospects and problems’, Sociology, 31, 1, pp 131-142. Irwin, S & Winterton, M (2012) ‘Qualitative secondary analysis and social explanation’, Sociological Research Online, 17, 2, 4. Moore, N (2007) ‘(Re)Using Qualitative Data?’, Sociological Research Online, 12, 3. Neale, B & Bishop, L (2012) The Ethics of Archiving and Re-Using Qualitative Longitudinal Data: a stakeholder approach, Timescapes Methods Guides Series, Guide No, 18. Available at: http://www.timescapes.leeds.ac.uk/assets/files/methods-guides/timescapes-neale- ethics-archiving.pdf. Thompson, P (2000) ‘Re-using qualitative research data: a personal account’, Forum Qualitative Social Research, 1, 3, Art. 27. Wengraf, T (2001) Qualitative Research Interviewing, London: Sage