0. JAXA Earth Observation Satellite Programs associated with SPARC
WCRP SPARC SSG meeting
17th Session, Kyoto, Japan
26-30 October 2009
Tamotsu Igarashi
Earth Observation Research Center (EORC)
Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA)

1. Contents Japanese Basic Plan for Space Policy
Long-Term Plan of JAXA Earth Observation
SPARCS related observations
Ozone
Greenhouse Gases
Aerosols Properties
Radiation
Precipitation
Sensors, Space Platforms, Data Products
SMILES onboard Kibo/ISS
TANSO / GOSAT
SGLI / GCOM-C, AMSR2 /GCOM-W
PR / TRMM, DPR / GPM
CPR / EarthCARE
R&D for the future programs
Summary

2. Japanese Basic Plan for Space Policy
Ａ．Land and Ocean Observing Satellite System to contribute to Asia and other regions Ｂ．Global Environmental Change and Weather Observing Satellite System Ｃ．Advanced telecommunication Satellite System Ｄ．Positioning Satellite System Ｅ．Satellite System for National Security 2

3. Japanese Main Activities of Earth Observation
GEOSS 10 years implementation plan ①
Disasters ②
Health ③
Energy ④
Climate ⑤
Water ⑥
Weather
MTSAT (JMA) ⑦
Eco-systems ⑧
Agriculture ⑨
Bio-diversity
①Disaster prevention and mitigation
Monitoring flood, earthquake, crustal deformation, forest, biomass, etc.
②Greenhouse gas and carbon flux
③Climate change and water cycle
Precipitation, cloud, aerosol, SST, snow, ice, etc. 3 3

4. Long-Term Plan of JAXA Earth Observation
Targets
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
Disasters & Resources
Climate Change &
Water
Water Cycle
Climate Change
Greenhouse gases
[Land and Disaster monitoring]
ALOS-2 SAR
ALOS/PALSAR
ALOS
ALOS/PRISM AVNIR2
ALOS-3 Optical
TRMM/PR
[Precipitation]
TRMM
GPM/DPR
Aqua/AMSR-E
[Wind, SST , Water vapor]
GCOM-W2
AQUA
GCOM-W1/ AMSR2
[Vegetation, aerosol, cloud, SST, ocean color]
GCOM-C2
250m, multi-angle, polarization
GCOM-C1/ SGLI
[Cloud and Aerosol 3D structure]
EarthCARE/CPR
This chart illustrates JAXA’s Long-Term Plan for Earth-Observation programs.
JAXA will develop Earth observation satellites and sensors in the Japanese contribution field; “reduction and prediction of disasters”, “climate changes including water cycle variation”, “global warming and carbon cycle changes”.
As you see, in the JAXA plan, the next disaster-monitoring mission that follows ALOS, which was launched in January 2005, seeks to mitigate and prevent disasters.
Global Change Observation Mission namely GCOM-W and GCOM-C will investigate climate changes including water cycle variation. Water characteristics will be measured primarily by microwave sensors, and cloud cover will be measured chiefly by optical sensors.
EarthCARE, which is also investigate climate change including water cycle variation, is a joint program with the European Space Agency (ESA).
A greenhouse gas observation satellite known as GOSAT will help us understand global warming and the carbon cycle changes.
[CO2, Methane]
GOSAT
[CO2, Methane]
GOSAT-2
Mission status
On orbit
Phase B~
　Phase A
　Pre-Phase A
Extension 4 4

5. SPARC Related Observations : Platform, Sensor
Ozone:
ADEOS/ILAS, TOMS, IMG
ADEOS-II/ILAS-II
ISS-Kibo/SMILES
Greenhouse Gases:
ADEOS/IMG
GOSAT/TANSO-FTS
Aerosols Properties:
ADEOS/OCTS
ADEOS-II/GLI
GCOM-C/SGLI
Radiation (Aerosol, Cloud): EarthCARE
Precipitation: TRMM, GPM

6. SPARC Related Observations - History
ADEOS (Aug )
ILAS(Limb sounder, improved LAS onboard ISAS’s Ozora): Polar O3, HNO3 , NO2 ,Aerosol , H2O, CFC11, CH4 , N2O
TOMS(Spectrometer): Global total O3, SO2
IMG(FTS): Radiation budget, Atmospheric Temperature Profile, Land Surface Temperature, Cloud Properties, Greenhouse gases (CO2, CH4, N2O, CFCs)
RIS(laser retro-reflector):O3, CFC12, CO2, CH4
OCTS(Radiometer), POLDER(Polarimetric Radiometer)
ADEOS-II (Dec )
ILAS-II(Improved ILAS)
GLI(Improved OCTS), POLDER
GOSAT(Jan )
TANSO-FTS: O3, CH4, etc.
TANSO-CAI (Imager): Cloud, Aerosol
SMILES(Sub-millimeter wave limb sounder, October 2009-): O3, etc.

7. Research for the Future
Geostationary Atmospheric and Meteorological Satellite
Atmospheric observation(FTS or grating): O3, NO2, CO, HNO3, HCHO, Aerosol Optical Depth, etc.
Meteorological observation (similar to IRS)
ISS-Kibo as a platform for earth observation sensors, complementary to EO satellites, on-orbit experiment.
Resources: weight : 500kg, dimension : 1.8mx1.0mx0.8m,
Post-GOSAT
R&D: Sounder (Microwave, Sub-millimeter wave radiometers), Lidar

8. SMILES firse data obtained on 12 October 2009

9. Overview of SMILES observation mission
High sensitivity in detecting atmospheric limb emission of the submillimeter wave range ( GHz)
Vertical profiling (~3km) from JEM/ISS with latitudinal coverage of 65N to 38S
Observation Geometry
Earth’s atmosphere
SMILES
Limb path
38S
65N
Coverage of Observation
51.6N
ISS Trajectory
51.6S
SMILES observations aim to radical components which play important roles in ozone chemistry.

10. Target Species and Brightness Temp. Spectrum
Standard products:
Single-scan: O3, HCl, ClO, CH3CN, O3 isotopes, HOCl, HNO3
Multi-scan: HO2, BrO (* spectrum signals are too weak to retrieve in single-scan)
Research products: volcanic SO2, H2O2, Humidity in upper-troposphere, ice clouds　 O3
HCl
BrO
HOCl O3
HCl
18OOO
O17OO
BrO
ClO
HO2
18OOO
17OOO

11. Data flow and Data Processing Systems
SMILES
UOA
EOS
DPS-L0/L1
L1B Data Server
Off-line
DPS-L2
L2 Data Server
JAXA/TKSC
JAXA/ISAS
Users
Internet
L1B L2
Raw data
NICT
L3 Data Server L3
DPS-L3
Downlinked raw data from the SMILES will be received by the DPS-L0/L1 at UOA on Tsukuba Space Center (TKSC).
The DPS-L0/L1 processes the raw data consisting of house keeping (HK) data and mission data to brightness temperature (level 1B data) in near-real-time.
The DPS-L2 produces the vertical profiles of target species called “level 2 data” in near real time and distributes the level 2 data to users by a web server.
Control
DPS-L2
L1B L2
Data Handling
&
Visualization
Forward Model
Inversion
L2 Data Processing
Iteration
Data transfer
UOA: User Operation Area, EOS: Experiment Operations System, DPS: Data Processing System

12. Schedule of Development and Operation12

13. GOSAT “IBUKI” Status, Plan
Launched on Jan. 23, 2009 (= L)
Early Phase completed (~ L+3 months)
Operational Phase
Early CAL/VAL Phase (~ L+6 months)
GEO Carbon Tasks WS (May 20, 21)
Initial analyzed CO2, CH4 column data release (May 28)
2nd RA (Proposal: ~ Jun. 3 (23) *, sign up: Aug. 3 (31) * ~ )
Note of date: cal/val, algorithm (model, application)*
Operational Observation Phase (L+6 month ~ L+5 years)
Data Release (L1: L+9 months ~, L2: L+12 months ~ )
Extended Utilization Phase (L+5 years ~)
Dayside on April 6, 2009
Nightside on April 6, 2009
Day observation mode product
Special observation mode product (Sun glint)
Night observation mode product

14. Observation data (1/3) FTS observation points over CAI image
Simultaneous observation of FTS and CAI
Around Japan in Path 6 on April 6, 2009
Sample IGM / SPC (red circle->next page)
Land observation over Japan
Cloud free
Calibration (blank)
Blackbody and deep space are acquired 4 times respectively.
It is acquired 8 sets in 1 orbit.
Saturation (white circle)
Only B2P/S H gain data is saturated at cloud observation with high reflectivity over 0.3 of albedo.

15. Observation data (2/3)

16. Observation data (3/3)
Deep space
Blackbody
Observation

17. GOSAT:Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite
GOSAT enables global (with 56,000 points) and frequent (in every 3 days) monitoring.
Current ground-based observation points (320pts)
Provided by WMO WDCGG
Objectives:
To observe CO2 and CH4 column density.
- at km spatial scale.
- with relative accuracy of 0.3-1% for CO2
(1-4ppmv, 3 month average).
(2) To reduce sub-continental scale CO2
annual flux estimation errors by half .
- from 0.54GtC/yr to 0.27GtC/yr.
Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite, GOSAT is the first dedicated project to the integrated global environmental observing system for environmental observations and predictions.
The GOSAT aims to contribute to treaties like the Kyoto Protocol adopted at the Third Session of the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, COP3 by monitoring the distribution of the density of carbon dioxide, which is one Greenhouse gas.
The GOSAT is a project that has been jointly developed by JAXA and Japan’s Ministry of the Environment.
JAXA is responsible for the development of the satellite itself and an observing sensor, while the ministry is mainly in charge of the utilization of the data obtained.
The GOSAT is scheduled to be launched in 2008 August.
Observation points using GOSAT (56,000pts)
However data is, availability depends on the weather and the atmospheric condition.

18. Global Greenhouse Gases Monitoring
GOSAT will monitor the global CO2 distribution.
GOSAT data will contribute to the estimation of CO2 absorption and emission in 64 regions.

19. GOSAT Data Processing Flow
L1B
L1A
L2 (column
abundance
obtained by
each scan) L1
L3（spatial and temporal average of column abundances）
L4B
L4A 19

20. Data Flow to Users GEO Users / Stakeholders UNFCCC COP IPCC
GOSAT
JAXA, MOE(Ministry of Environment) and NIES (National Institute for Environmental Studies).
GEO Users /
Stakeholders
UNFCCC COP
IPCC
Policy Maker
JMA, etc.
JAXA
MOE
Sensor development　
(Funding Support)
Date use for Policy development
Sensor development
Satellite development
H-IIA launch
Satellite operation
Data acquisition
Calibration
NIES
Algorithms development
Data use for science
Source and sink inversion
Validation
Close Linkage
(data exchange,
science coop)
Practical usage,
political action implementation
NASA
ESA
Universities
Understanding the global carbon cycle

21. International Activities
UNFCCC COP
COP14 Dec., Poland
COP15 Dec., Denmark
COP16
IPCC
Preparation of IPCC AR5
Release of IPCC AR5 (2011)
GOSAT Acitivities
Launch (Jan.)
Initial results of global CO2 and CH4 data (Oct.)
Public release of global CO2 and CH4 data (Jan.)
Public release of global CO2 flux data (Sept.)
Peer-reviewed papers using GOSAT data
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012 - 21

22. (August 4-19 observation data : Unvalidated)
GOSAT CO2 Column averaged dry air mole fraction
(August 4-19 observation data : Unvalidated)
© JAXA/NIES/MOE
In August, the Northern Hemisphere (in summer) tends to have more active photonic synthesis of the vegetation (i.e. lower CO2 level) around high-latitude region than the Southern Hemisphere.
Such GOSAT data is consistent with the past Earth Observation experience.

23. Estimated CO2 Concentration Distribution
(from Column averaged dry air mole fraction )
GOSAT
AIRS Color range 380 to 390 23

24. GOSAT Standard Products
Level
Sensor
Product name
Contents
Unit
Format
L1B
FTS
FTS L1B data
FTS spectral radiance
FTS scene
HDF5
CAI
CAI L1B data
CAI radiance
CAI frame
L1B+
CAI L1B+ data L2
FTS SWIR
L2 CO2 column amount (SWIR)
CO2 column amount
Any (on-demand)
L2 CH4 column amount (SWIR)
CH4 column amount
FTS TIR
L2 CO2 pofile (TIR)
CO2 vertical concentration profile
L2 CH4 profile (TIR)
CH4 vertical concentration profile
L2 cloud flag
Clear sky reliability L3
L3 global CO2 column amount (SWIR)
Average CO2 column amount
Global
L3 global CH4 column amount (SWIR)
Average CH4 column amount
L3 global CO2 distribution (TIR)
Altitude-average CO2 concentration
L3 global CH4 distribution (TIR)
Altitude-average CH4 concentration
L3 global radiance（all pixels）
CAI radiance of 3-day average (all pixels)
L3 global radiance（clear sky）
CAI radiance of 3-day average (clear sky)
L3 global NDVI
Vegetation index
L4A
L4 global CO2 flux
Area CO2 source and sink (annually)
64 locations
text
Area information
L4B
L4 global CO2 distribution
CO2 concentration (monthly)
Global 2.5deg mesh
NetCDF

25. GOSAT Research Products
Level
Sensor
Product name
Contents
Unit
Format L2
FTS　SWIR
L2 H2O column amount (SWIR)
H2O column amount
Any (on-demand)
HDF5
FTS TIR
L2 CO2 column amount (TIR)
CO2 column amount
L2 CH4 column amount (TIR)
CH4 column amount
L2 H2O column amount (TIR)
L2 H2O profile (TIR)
H2O vertical concentration profile
L2 Temperature profile (TIR)
Vertical temparatureprofile
CAI
L2 aerosol property
Aerosol optical thickness
CAI farame
L2 cloud property
Cloud optical thickness L3
L3 global aerosol property
Global aerosol optical thickness (avegrage)
Global
L3 global cloud property
Global cloud optical thickness (avegrage)
L4A
FTS
L4 global CH4 flux
Area CH4 source and sink (annually)
64 locations
text
Area information
L4B
L4 global CH4 distribution
CH4 concentration (monthly)
Global 2.5deg mesh
NetCDF

26. Global Change Observation Mission (GCOM)
Establish and demonstrate the global and long-term Earth observing system (contribute to GEOSS)
Contribute to improving climate change prediction in concert with climate model research institutions
Main Mission
GCOM-W
GCOM-C
Orbit
Type : Sun-synchronous, sub-recurrent
Altitude : km
Inclination : degrees
Local time of ascending node : 13:30
Altitude : 798 km
Inclination : degrees
Local time of ascending node : 10:30
Satellite overview
Mission life
5 years
Launch vehicle
H2A launch vehicle
Mass
2000kg
(AMSR follow-on 340 kg and SeaWinds 240 kg included)
1800 kg
(SGLI 460 kg included)
Instrument
AMSR 2
Global Imager follow-on instrument (SGLI)
Launch (target)
JFY 2011
JFY 2014
Global Change Observing Mission, GCOM is planned as the ADEOS-II follow-on mission, and will Establish and demonstrate the global and long-term Earth observing system, and contribute to improving climate change prediction in concert with climate model research institutions.
The GCOM is planned as a series of Microwave Sensor satellites called GCOM-W and Multispectral Sensor satellites called GCOM-C focusing on the reliability and the continuity of on-orbit operation more than 10 years.
These satellites will carry the follow-on instruments onboard ADEOS-II; Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer follow-on instrument called AMSR2 and Global Imager follow-on instrument called SGLI respectively.
In the first stage, GCOM-W development has started targeting launch in JFY 2010.

27. Cooperation with NPOESS and METOP
LTAN/LTDN 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
SGLI
GCOM-C1
GCOM-C2
GCOM-C3 J
DMSP-F16
DMSP-F18
SSM/IS
SSM/IS
10:30 /
09:30 U
AVHRR
NOAA-M
MODIS
Terra
AVHRR/3
AVHRR/3+
METOP A
METOP B
METOP C
METOP D E
OLCI, SLST
Sentinel-3A
Sentinel-3B
Aqua
AMSR2
GCOM-W1
GCOM-W2
GCOM-W3 J
AMSR-E
NOAA-N
VIIRS
NPP
NPOESS-C3
NPOESS-C1
NOAA-N’
13:30
AVHRR/3
AVHRR/3
MIS U
MODIS
Aqua
To maximize the observation capability, we have been discussing with NPOESS people for collaboration between NPOESS and GCOM. By this time chart, I am trying to show how each program complements each other. Like the GCOM satellites, international partners also have multi-purpose visible/infrared imagers and passive microwave radiometers. Therefore, this chart just compares time series of these instruments and their complementarity. In this chart, I omitted the early morning orbit observation, since only the NPOESS will cover this observing time. For accurate, stable, and unbiased climate observation as well as for daily operational applications, we need multiple observation opportunity during a day, and continuous data records without any gaps. In this chart, blue colors indicate passive microwave observations. Dark blue means instrument after NPOESS/METOP/GCOM era, while light blue before NPOESS/METOP/GCOM. Same categorization was done for visible and infrared imagers by red color. For example, in the afternoon orbit around 1:30 PM, NPOESS will have good continuity of visible/infrared images by VIIRS. However, this is not the case for passive microwave radiometer. GCOM-W will complement this gap by continuing GCOM-W1 to W3 series. For the morning orbit around 10:00 AM, NPOESS will not have visible/infrared imagers, but European METOP will continue the observation. Also, ESA’s Sentinel and JAXA’s GCOM-C will add advanced information to this, and increase observation frequency that is essential for optical measurement being affected by cloud cover. In this way, NPOESS and GCOM, as well as European programs are in good complement situation. E
Passive Microwave Radiometer
Sensor
Aft- NPOESS/METOP/GCOM
Visible/Infrared Imager
Sensor
Aft- NPOESS/METOP/GCOM
Sensor
Pre- NPOESS/METOP/GCOM
Sensor
Pre- NPOESS/METOP/GCOM
GCOM-C/SGLI data will help fill a current gap in the NPOESS/VIIRS morning orbit, in conjunction with METOP+Sentinel.
GCOM-W/AMSR2 data will complement NPOESS/MIS global microwave radiometry data. 27

28. AMSR/AMSR-E, AMSR2 Products
Water Vapor
LCW
Sea Surface Wind
Precipitation
AMSR-E Global Soil Moisture
（Monthly Mean on June 2002）
Essential Climate Variables on Global Water Cycle
AMSR-E Multi-frequency color composite image. Blue: MY Ice（old, thick）、Light Blue：FY Ice（young, thin）. Since 2007, decreasing MY Ice in volume as well as area has been recognized.

29. ＋ SGLI Products × ○ △ Near- IR Obs. Near-UV Obs. Polarization Obs.
Function for the land aerosol retrieval will be enhanced.
SGLI function
Oceanic aerosol
Terrestrial aerosol
Notes
Thick*
Size*
Abs.*
Traditional
Near- IR Obs. ○ ×
Oceanic aerosol properties can be retrieved.
GLI’s function
Near-UV Obs.
Thickness and absorption properties of terrestrial aerosol can be additionally retrieved.
New function of SGLI
Polarization Obs. △
Thickness and size of terrestrial aerosol can be retrieved.
*Estimating the effect of aerosols on radiation budget requires to observe three aerosol properties,
1) Optical thickness
2) Size of particles
3) Absorption properties (color).
GLI April 2003(JAXA/EORC)
Global optical thickness derived from traditional obs.
POLDER-2 April 2003(Sano, Kinki Univ.)
thick
thin .
Global optical thickness derived from polarization obs. ＋
Retrieval over ocean is possible.
Global retrieval is possible.
SGLI has multiple functions for monitoring oceanic and terrestrial aerosols and will contribute to enhancing the accuracy of cooling effects of aerosols on the climate.

30. Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM)
TRMM is ;
Japan-U.S. joint mission, flying since Nov. 1997
World‘s first and only space-borne precipitation radar (PR) on-board with microwave radiometer and visible-infrared sensor
Still operational, and continues to provide the data
Results of the TRMM
Accurate and highly stable rain measurement in the tropical and sub-tropical region, over the land as well as the ocean
More than 10 years rain observation data archive
Proved that the radar (PR) and microwave radiometer (TMI) is a very good combination for rainfall measurement
PR greatly contribute to the improvement of the rainfall retrieval error by microwave radiometer
Precipitation system three dimensional structure, diurnal cycle, seasonal change, long term variation such as El-Nino and La-Nina observation
New products development such as latent heating, soil moisture, and sea surface temperature
Demonstrated that TRMM data is valuable for the operational use, such as flood prediction, numerical weather forecast, typhoon prediction
US-Japan joint mission
Japan: PR, launch
US: satellite, TMI, VIRS, CERES, LIS, operation
Launch
28 Nov (JST)
Altitude
About 350km (since 2001, boosted to 402km to extend mission operation）
Inc. angle
About 35 degree, non-sun-synchronous orbit
Design life
3-year and 2month (still operating)
Instruments
Precipitation Radar (PR)
TRMM Microwave Imager (TMI) Visible Infrared Scanner (VIRS)
Lightning Imaging Sensor (LIS)
CERES (not in operation)

31. Latent heat research products by TRMM/PR
JAXA/EORC began to provide the Latent Heat Products estimated by SLH algorithm as research product via web page from May 2008.
Level2 (NonGrid & Gridded) and Level 3 LH data are available to download from launch to latest.
Co-operative study with Prof. Y. N. Takayabu (Univ. Tokyo) and Dr. Shige (Osaka Pref. Univ).
(a) Latent heat at altitude of 7.5km
(b) Latent heat at altitude of 2km
Latent heat distribution during December, January, and February using TRMM PR 3D data between 1998 and The data can be utilized for evaluation of global water & energy cycle and for improvement of climate models.
Latent Heat Research Product --

32. Global Rainfall Map near-real-time (GSMaP_NRT)
GSMaP (Global Satellite Mapping for Precipitation) is originally funded by JST/CREST during
Development of reliable MWR algorithm consistent with TRMM/PR and precipitation physical model developed by using PR (Aonashi et al., 2009).
Combination of microwave radiometer retrievals with GEO IR by the moving vector (like CMORPH) and new Kalman filtering method (Ushio et al., 2009).
JAXA/EORC began to provide near-real-time version data of GSMaP (GSMaP_NRT) about 4-hour after observation via password protected ftp site since October 2008.
Hourly browse images, kmz files for GoogleEarth, and 24-hour movies are also available from Web server.
Cyclone "NARGIS" attacked Myanmar
Global Rainfall Map in near-real-time --

33. Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM)
OBJECTIVE: Understand the Horizontal and Vertical Structure of Rainfall and Its Microphysical Element. Provide Training for Constellation Radiometers.
OBJECTIVE: Provide Enough Sampling to Reduce Uncertainty in Short-term Rainfall Accumulations. Extend Scientific and Societal Applications.
Core Satellite
Dual-frequency Precipitaion Radar (JAXA and NICT)
Multi-frequency Radiometer (NASA)
July 2013, H2-A Launch
TRMM-like Spacecraft
Non-Sun Synchronous Orbit
~65° Inclination
~407 km Altitude
~5 km Horizontal Resolution
250 m / 500m Vertical Resolution
Constellation Satellites
Small Satellites with Microwave Radiometers
Aggregate Revisit Time, 3 Hour goal
Sun-Synchronous Polar Orbits
500~900 km Altitude
International Partners; NOAA, NASA, JAXA, CNES/ISRO, etc.
Precipitation Validation Sites
Global Ground Based Rain Measurement
Global Precipitation Processing Centers
Capable of Producing Global Precipitation Data Products as Defined by GPM Partners 33

34. EarthCARE
EarthCARE is an earth observation satellite that Japan and Europe have been jointly developing.
Space segment
Backscatter Lidar (ATLID) - ESA High-spectral resolution and
depolarisation
Cloud Profiling Radar (CPR) - JAXA/NICT -36 dBZ
sensitivity, 500 m vertical range, Doppler
Multi-Spectral Imager (MSI) - ESA 7 channels, 150 km swath,
500 m pixel
Broadband Radiometer (BBR) - ESA 2 channels, 3 views (nadir,
fore and aft)
Communications Technology (NICT), JAXA is responsible for the development of the Cloud Profiling Radar (CPR), which will be the world's first W-band (94GHz) Doppler radar aboard a satellite.
CPR
BBR
MSI
ATLID
EarthCARE has been defined with the specific scientific objectives of quantifying aerosol-cloud-radiation interactions so they may be included correctly in climate and numerical weather forecasting models to provide:
Vertical profiles of natural and anthropogenic aerosols on a global scale, their radiative properties and interaction with clouds.
Vertical distribution of atmospheric liquid water and ice on a global scale, their transport by clouds and radiative impact.
Cloud overlap in the vertical, cloud-precipitation interactions and the characteristics of vertical motion within clouds.
The profiles of atmospheric radiative heating and cooling through a combination of retrieved aerosol and cloud properties.
Full size (2.5m dia.) CPR Antenna BBM
with high surface accuracy

35. EarthCARE/CPR Climate monitoring of earth radiation, cloud and aerosol
Cooperation between ESA and Japan (JAXA/NICT)
Mission
Vertical profile of clouds, aerosol
Interaction between clouds and aerosol
Cloud stability and precipitation
Orbit
Sun synchronous
Equator crossing time　13:45
Altitude　400km
Instrument
CPR (Cloud Profile Radar)
ATLID (Atmospheric LIDAR)
MSI (Multi-Spectral Imager)
BBR (Broad Band Radiometer)
Task sharing
JAXA/NICT （CPR）
ESA （LIDAR, MSI, BBR, Spacecraft)
Launch target
JFY2013

36. Science derived from EarthCARE mission
The four instruments on board EarthCARE together.
(CPR: Cloud Profiling Doppler Radar ATLID: Lidar MSI: Imager BBR: Broad-band Radiometer)
Algorithms for these active sensors yield vertical profiles of microphysical parameters of cloud with its phase and aerosol with its species, and can detect drizzle and light rain.
Especially doppler velocities of particles can be retrieve to give us new information.
Parameters: vertical
cloud, aerosol,
drizzle, vertical motion
from active sensors
Model Use:
assimilation
validation
Model Improvement:
Cloud-Aerosol
interaction
MTSAT-1R satellite OLR
EarthCARE
Parameters: horizontal
cloud, aerosol
from MSI
IPCC
collaboration with Model
Cloud Scheme
Improvement
Climate Sensitivity
Parameters: 3D
cloud, aerosol
NICAM MJO simulation
Algorithm development
Scene Generator
&
Signal Simulator
Radiatve Transfer
&
3D Montecarlo
Radiative Transfer Calculation
VS.
BBR data (True)
Radiative Flux:
BBR Data
(Miura et al., 2007)

37. Aerosol,Water vapor-Cloud-Precipitation Processes and Water cycle system
Global mapping satellites
GCOM-C
GCOM-W
EarthCARE
Horizontal distribution of cloud and aerosol
Horizontal distribution of column water vapor, precipitation
Profiles of cloud and aerosol
Evaluation of flux profile
Cloud/Aerosol interaction
GPM
3-D
Precipitation
Cloud Formation
Aerosol
Precipitation
Water Vapor

38. Summary
JAXA have been developing, operating, and providing data for the atmospheric research, climate change science communities and user organizations.
GOSAT L1 products will be released on 30 October 2009, L2 and upper level products will be released at the end of January 2010.
SMILES first data obtained on 12 October 2009 was released on 19 October 2009.
For the future programs, considering scientific significance and social needs, JAXA is conducting R&D of geostationary atmospheric and meteorological observation sensors for the monitoring of air pollution, air quality and weather (vertical profile of temperature, water vapor), sounders and liders expected for the 3D profiling as well as radars.
Climate change challenges JAXA to tackle the integration of multi-satellite data, weather and climate models.
There are many possibilities of international collaboration such as NPOESS/GCOM, OCO/GOSAT, GPM, EarthCARE etc..