1. Homework N cycle x word Law of limiting factors Read pp41-43 Red 43 Green 44

2. Energy and ATP AQA book p.28-31 Specification Reference: 3.4.2

3. Syllabus The synthesis of ATP from ADP and phosphate and its role as the immediate source of energy for biological processes.

4. Objectives What is energy and why do organisms need it? How does ATP store energy? How is ATP synthesised? What is the role of ATP in biological processes?

5. What is energy and why do organisms need it? 1.Ultimately what is the source of energy for all living things? 2.How is energy trapped by plants? 3.How do animals obtain energy? 4.What are the different forms of energy? 5.What is energy measured in? 6.Why would it be wrong to say a plant produces energy? 7.What does transduction mean?

6. What is energy? 1.Ultimately what is the source of energy for all living things? sunlight 2.How is energy trapped by plants? Photosynthesis uses light to combine water and carbon dioxide 3.How do animals obtain energy? Break down organic molecules to release the energy in them 4.What are the different forms of energy? Light heat sound electrical magnetic mechanical chemical atomic 5.What is energy measured in? joules (J) 6.Why would it be wrong to say a plant produces energy? Cannot create or destroy energy – just change it from one form to another 7.What does transduction mean? Changing energy from one form to another e.g. in photosynthesis light  chemical

7. Adenosine triphosphate adenine ribose phosphates ATP contains a sugar (ribose), a base (adenine) and three phosphate groups. +++ 30.5 kJ  ATPH2OH2OADP inorganic phosphate When ATP is hydrolysed to form ADP and inorganic phosphate, 30.5 kJ of energy are released.

8. ATP Label the diagram on your worksheet

9. How does ATP store energy? ATP = adenosine triphosphate What breaks an ATP molecule to release energy? What are the products called? Why does it break up so easily? What type of reaction is involved?

10. Which molecule is bigger ATP or glucose?

11. Why ATP? Biological systems transfer the energy in glucose to ATP because unlike glucose… ATP releases its energy instantly in a single reaction. The hydrolysis of ATP releases a small amount of energy, ideal for fuelling reactions in the body. glucoseATP

12. Comparing ATP and Glucose as an immediate source of energy for a cell GlucoseATP Number of steps in reaction to release energy Speed energy becomes available Amount of energy released Reactivity of compound Size of molecule and its consequences

13. Comparing ATP and Glucose as an immediate source of energy for a cell GlucoseATP Number of steps in reaction to release energy ManyOne Speed energy becomes available slowImmediate Amount of energy released Too much – cell would burn Just right for the energy needed for another reaction in a cell Reactivity of compoundunreactiveReactive – breaks down easily Size of molecule and its consequences Small – upsets osmosis in a cell and can leak out through cell membrane by facilitated diffusion Larger – less effect on osmosis and trapped within cell membrane

14. What is respiration? Respiration is the process by which organisms extract the energy stored in complex molecules and use it to generate adenosine triphosphate (ATP). ATP provides the immediate source of energy for biological processes such as active transport, movement and metabolism. In this way they obtain energy to fuel their metabolic pathways. ATP

15. The addition of an inorganic phosphate group (P i ) to a molecule like ADP is called phosphorylation. ADP is phosphorylated during respiration. Two types of phosphorylation occur during respiration: 1. Substrate-level: glycolysis & Krebs cycle A single reaction involving the direct transfer of a phosphate group from a donor molecule to ADP. 2. Oxidative: electron transport chain A series of oxidation reactions that produce sufficient energy to form ATP from ADP and phosphate. Phosphorylation of ADP

16. Adenosine triphosphate and phs Adenosine triphosphate, or ATP, is an important molecule found in all living cells. It readily diffuses around the cell and provides energy for cellular processes. ATP releases energy in the light-independent reaction when a bond between inorganic phosphate groups is broken, producing ADP and an inorganic phosphate group. adenine ribose 3 phosphate groups ATP is made in the light-dependent reaction in photosynthesis from adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and an inorganic phosphate group (P i ). This requires energy.

17. Adding a phosphate molecule is phosphorylation. In this case, light is used as an energy source so the process is called photophosphorylation. In the light-dependent reaction: +  + energy In the light-independent reaction: The use of water makes this a hydrolysis reaction. Photophosphorylation and hydrolysis ADPATP + energy+  H2OH2O ADPATP

18. How is ATP synthesised? P.30 What type of reaction reforms ATP? Photophosphorylation – in photosynthesis Oxidative phosphorylation – in respiration in the electron transport chain Substrate level phosphorylation – in respiration when an inorganic phosphate is provided from the substrates of respiration

19. What is the role of ATP in biological processes? This is a very well used exam question for 3 marks. Active transport Synthesising large molecules e.g. protein Energy for filaments to slide past each other in muscle contraction Activation of molecules e.g. glucose in glycolysis Something specific to the type of cell in the question e.g. liver cell = production of bile Mitosis

20. Coupled reactions Energy released in one reaction is used up in the other Some energy is always lost as heat

21. ATP video 20mins Boulton Hawker – matter and energy in living systems Quiz at end of video ATP song http://users.rcn.com/fvirzi/atp.shtml http://users.rcn.com/fvirzi/atp.shtml