1. MARINE INSURANCE CONCEPTS Priyarshi Hewavitharana
Manager - Marine Department

2. As Per Marine Insurance Act.
MARINE PERILS DEFINED
As Per Marine Insurance Act.
S Marine adventure and maritime perils defined S
(1) Subject to the provisions of this Act, every lawful marine adventure may be the
subject of a contract of marine insurance. S
(2) In particular there is a marine adventure where - S
(a) Any ship goods or other moveable's are exposed to maritime perils. Such property is
in this Act referred to as "insurable property";
S (b) The earning or acquisition of any freight, passage money, commission, profit, or other
pecuniary benefit, or the security for any advances, loan, or disbursements, is endangered by the exposure of insurable property to maritime perils;
S (c) Any liability to a third party may be incurred by the owner of, or other person
interested in or responsible for, insurable property, by reason of maritime perils.
S "Maritime perils" means the perils consequent on, or incidental to, the navigation of the sea, that is to say, perils of the seas, fire, war, perils, pirates, rovers, thieves, captures, seizures, restraints, and detainment's of princes and peoples, jettisons, barratry, and any other perils, either of the like kind or which may be designated by the policy.

3. But, Isn’t Ship Safe at Sea?

4. Marine perils 1. Fire 2. Man of war 3. Enemies. 4. Pirates, Thieves
S 1. Natural perils and
S 2. Unnatural perils. S Natural perils
Unnatural perils
S 1. Storms.
1. Fire
2. Man of war
3. Enemies.
4. Pirates, Thieves
5. Jettison.
6. Explosions
7. Grounding.
8. Collision
S 2. Ice block
S 3. Sinking mountain.
S 4. Thunder stroke.
S 5. Waves push.
S 6. Disposition.
S 7. Seizure, capture
S 8. Strike

5. Do We Need Insurance?

6. RISK CLAUSE ICC (A) 1.1.82 matter insured except as excluded by the
S 1. This insurance covers all risks of loss of or damage to the subject-
matter insured except as excluded by the
Provisions of Clauses 4, 5, 6 and 7 below. All risk policy - ICC (A)
Named perils in - namely ICC (B) and
ICC (C)
Stress upon “Subject Matter Insured”

7. Perils cover under Institute Cargo Clauses
(A) (B) (C)
Stranding, Grounding, Sinking, or Capsizing of Vessel or Craft
YES YES YES
Overturning/Derailment of Land Conveyance
YES YES YES
Collision of Ship/Craft with another
YES YES YES
Ship/Craft
Contact of Ship/Craft/Conveyance & any object other than Ship/Craft
YES YES YES
(excluding water but including ice)
Discharge of Cargo at Port of Distress
YES YES YES
Fire or Explosion
YES YES YES
Earthquake, Volcanic Eruption, or Lightning
YES YES NO
Theft / Pilferage / Malicious Damage*
YES NO NO
General Average Sacrifice/Jettison Washing Overboard (on deck cargo)
YES YES YES YES YES NO

8. Perils cover under Institute Cargo Clauses Continued....
Sea/Lake/River Water Entering
Vessel/Craft/Hold/Conveyance/Container/
YES
YES NO
Lift Van/ or Place of Storage
Total Loss of Any Package Lost
YES for total pkg
Overboard or Dropped During Loading Loading/Unloading of vessel or craft (Sling)
YES NO
Insufficiency / Improper Packing NO NO NO
Loss Caused by Delay/Consequential Loss NO NO NO

9. WASHING OVER BOARD
S The Distinction between the terms - Cargo "Washed
Overboard" and "Fell Overboard" in Marine Insurance.
S The term “Cargo washed aboard" and "Cargo fell aboard” to a layman may seem synonymous but in the world of marine insurance the two have different meanings and different consequences

10. JETTISION OF CARGO
Jettisoned cargo is cargo dumped overboard intentionally to save the ship, crew and the rest of the cargo that stays
aboard. The insurance companies of the ship and saved
cargo, reimburse the owner of the dumped cargo because his cargo was sacrificed to save the ship and their cargo. This is calls General Average

11. General Average?
S Defined by York Antwerp Rules 1994 of General Average.
S Apportionment of Losses amongst the parties involved in any maritime adventure in case of extra-ordinary sacrifice.
S If and only if the reason of sacrifice is extra ordinary and is reasonably made due to maritime perils etc.

12. WHAT IS SLING LOSS?

13. WHAT IS SLING LOSS?
Loss of cargo by falling from slings when being loaded or
discharged. This is generally a total loss of part. Sling losses
are particularly prevalent in surf ports where discharge is
carried out into lighters or small craft. The ICC (1982) B cover total loss of an entire package dropped or lost overboard during loading, transshipment or discharge. This cover is not provided
by the C clauses.

14. Salvage charges
Expense of recovering property by a salvor.
Salvage charges are not provided for in insurance
contracts. If the owner and the salvor cannot agree on
salvage charges, a court makes a determination based on the value of the salvaged items and the salvor’s expenses. Rules governing payment of salvage charges originated in marine insurance but are now used in other policies, such as personal automobile insurance.

15. Insurable Interest
S MIA 1906 s 5. Insurable interest defined
S (1) Subject to the provisions of this Act, every person has an insurable interest who is interested in a marine adventure.
S (2) In particular a person is interested in a marine adventure where he stands in any legal or equitable relation to the adventure or to any insurable property at risk therein, in
consequence of which he may benefit by the safety or due
arrival of insurable property, or may be prejudiced by its loss, or by damage thereto, or by the detention thereof, or may incur liability in respect thereof.

16. Valuation & Basis of valuation
S INCOTerms 2010
EXW - Ex Works (named place)
FCA Free Carrier (named place)
FAS Free Alongside Ship (named place)
FOB Free On Board (named port of shipment)
CFR Cost and Freight (named port of destination)
CIF Cost, Insurance and Freight (named port of destination)
CPT Carriage Paid To (named place of destination)
CIP Carriage and Insurance Paid To (named place of destination)
DAT - Delivered at Terminal (named terminal at port or place of destination)
DAP - Delivered at Place (named place of destination)
DDP - Delivered Duty Paid (named place of destination)

17. CHART OF RESPONSIBILI CUargeslFe$ Ex Works
Sea/lnland Waterway Transport HE
Any Transport Mode
Any Transport Mode
FCA Free
Iqu CPT CIP Cost Carriage Delivered
CUargeslFe$ Ex Works
Free
Free On Cost i
Carriage Delivered Delivered
Alongside Ship
Insurance
Insurance at
Carrier
Board Freight
Paid To at Place Duty Paid
& Freight
Paid To Terminal
Buyer or
Seller
Seller
Seller Seller Seller
Seller Seller Seller Seller Seller
Seller
Chargss Buyer
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Seller Seller Sauer
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Seller Seller Seller Seller Seller
Buyer Seller Seller
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INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS TRAINING®
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REGISTERED TRADEMARK OF THE INTERNATIONAL CHAMBE

18. Valuation & Basis of valuation
S Dynamic valuation; Why 10% are added for buyer
Measure of insurable value
Subject to any express provision or valuation in the policy, the insurable value of the
subject-matter insured must be ascertained as follows:
(1) In insurance on ship, the insurable value is the value, at the commencement of the risk, of the ship, including her outfit, provisions and stores for the officers and crew, money advanced for seamen's wages, and other disbursements (if any) incurred to make the ship fit for the voyage or adventure contemplated by the policy, plus the charges of insurance upon the whole: The insurable value, in the case of a steamship, includes also the machinery, boilers, and coals and engine stores if owned by the assured, and, in the case of a ship engaged in a special trade, the ordinary fittings requisite for that trade:
(2) In insurance on freight, whether paid in advance or otherwise, the insurable value is the gross amount of the freight at the risk of the assured, plus the charges of insurance:
(3) In insurance on goods or merchandise, the insurable value is the prime cost of the property insured, plus the expenses of and incidental to shipping and the charges of insurance upon the whole:
(4) In insurance on any other subject-matter, the insurable value is the amount at the risk of the assured when the policy attaches, plus the charges of insurance.

19. Proximate cause of loss
S Active, direct, and efficient cause of loss in insurance that
sets in motion an unbroken chain of events which bring about damage, destruction, or injury without the intervention of a new and independent force. Also called direct cause

20. Principle of `Causa Proxima'
The loss of insured property can be caused by more than one
cause in succession to another.
The property may be insured against some causes and not against all causes.
In such an instance, the proximate cause or nearest cause of loss is
to be found out.
If the proximate cause is the one which is insured against the insurance company is bound to pay the compensation and vice versa.

21. Indemnity
S 1. Marine insurance defined
A contract of marine insurance is a contract whereby the insurer undertakes to indemnify the assured, in manner and to the extent thereby agreed, against marine losses, that is to say, the losses incident to marine adventure

22. TYPES OF CARGO
BULK
LIQUID BULK
BREAK BULK
UNITISED
SULPHER
CRUDE OIL
PALLETS
LASH BARGE
ROCK PHOSPHATE LUBRICATING OIL BAGS/DRUMS /STEELCARGO
CONTAINER CARGO VEHICLES
COAL LPG/LNG NEWS PRINT REELS
FERTILISERS EDIABLE OILS OVER DIMENTION CARGO
ONDECK CARGO
DRAFT SURVEY ULLAGE SURVEY CARGO TALLY
CARGO TALLY
WEIGHMENT SUPERVISION RECEIPT SUPERVISIN
DELIVERY SUPERVISION
ASSESSMENT OF QUANTITY
BULK=DRAFT SURVEY, WEIGHMENT SUPERVISION LIQUID=ULLAGE SURVEY
BREAK BULK=TALLY
UNITISED= TALLY

23. MARINE LOSSES GENERAL AVERAGE PARTICULAR AVERAGE JETTISONED
PHYSICAL DAMAGE
DELAY/AGGRAVATION ROUGH HANDLING NEGLIGENCE
BREAK BULK BULK
TALLY DRAUGHT
INADEQUATE PACKING INHERENT NATURE
SURVEY ULLAGE SURVEY
RAIN/SEA/FRESH WATER, MOISTURE OIL,MUD AND FOREIGN MATTER
EFFECT OF HEAT AND SWEAT COUNTRY DAMAGE
SHORT LANDING LOB
ORDINARY DAMAGE,WEAR AND TEAR
SHORT SHIPMENT LANDED BUT MISSING
INFESTATION
MANUFACTURING DEFECTS THEFT/PILFERAGE
ANY OTHER REASONS

24. DELAY LOSSES

25. ROUGH HANDLING

26. NEGLIGENCE

27. INADEQUATE PACKAGING

28. INHERENT NATURE OF CARGO

29. WET DAMAGES

30. OIL SPILLAGES

31. COUNTRY DAMAGE

32. THEFT N PILFERAGE

33. Port or place of refuge?
It is a shelter for a ship in a damaged
condition endangering life, health and/or environment

34. HEAVY WEATHER

35. Theft & containerized cargo
(Q. 29 )

36. General Exclusion Clause
4 In no case shall this insurance cover S
4.1 loss damage or expense attributable to wilful misconduct of the Assured S
4.2 ordinary leakage, ordinary loss in weight or volume, or ordinary wear and tear
of the subject-matter insured
S 4.3 loss damage or expense caused by insufficiency or unsuitability of packing or
preparation of the subject- matter insured (for the purpose of this Clause 4.3
"packing" shall be deemed to include stowage in a container or liftvan but only when such stowage is carried out prior to attachment of this insurance or by the Assured or their servants) S
4.4 loss damage or expense caused by inherent vice or nature of the subject-matter
insured
S 4.5 loss damage or expense proximately caused by delay, even though the delay be
caused by a risk insured against (except expenses payable under Clause 2 above)
S 4.6 loss damage or expense arising from insolvency or financial default of the
owners managers charterers or operators of the vessel. S
4.7 loss damage or expense arising from the use of any weapon of war employing
atomic or nuclear fission and/or fusion or other like reaction or radioactive force or
matter.

37. Unseaworthiness & Unfitness Exclusion Clause
S 5.1 In no case shall this insurance cover loss damage or
expense arising from unseaworthiness of vessel or
craft,unfitness of vessel craft conveyance container or liftvan for the safe carriage of the subject-matter insured,where the Assured or their servants are privy to such unseaworthiness or unfitness, at the time the subject-matter insured is loaded
therein.
S 5.2 The Underwriters waive any breach of the implied
warranties of seaworthiness of the ship and fitness of the ship to carry the subject-matter insured to destination, unless the Assured or their servants are privy to such unseaworthiness or unfitness.

38. War Exclusion Clause
S 6. In no case shall this insurance cover loss damage or expense
S 6.1 war civil war revolution rebellion insurrection, or civil strife
arising therefrom, or any hostile act by or against a belligerent power
S 6.2 capture seizure arrest restraint or detainment (piracy excepted),
and the consequence thereof or any attempt thereat
S 6.3 derelict mines torpedoes bombs or other derelict weapons of war.

39. Srikes Exclusion Clause
S 7 In no case shall this insurance cover loss damage or expense
S 7.1 caused by strikers, locked-out workmen, or persons
taking part in labour disturbances, riots or civil commotions
S 7.2 resulting from strikes, lock-outs, labour disturbances, riots or civil commotions
S 7.3 caused by any terrorist or any person acting from a political motive.

40. Validity of insurance cover
S By air 30 days validity after landing to final destination.
S By ship 60 days from landing to final destination

41. which loss the insurer would have been liable under the policy.
Sue and Labour Clause Definition
A standard clause in a maritime insurance policy which allows the insured to recover from the insurer any reasonable expenses incurred by the insured in order to minimize or avert a loss to the insured property, for
which loss the insurer would have been liable under the policy.

42. NOT TO INURE DEFINITION OF INURE 1.
to cause to accept or become hardened to; habituate 2.
( intr ) (esp of a law, etc) to come into operation; take effect
I C C ( A) BENEFIT OF INSURANCE
15. - Not to Inure Clause
15 This insurance shall not inure to the benefit of the carrier or other bailee.

43. Under Insurance
S MIA 1906 S 81. Effect of under insurance
Where the assured is insured for an amount less than the insurable value or, in the case of a valued policy, for an amount less than the policy valuation, he is deemed to be his own insurer in respect of the
uninsured balance.
S Definition of 'Underinsurance'
Inadequate insurance coverage by the holder of a policy. In the event of a claim underinsurance may result in economic losses, to the policy holder, since the claim would exceed the maximum amount that can be paid out by the insurance policy. While underinsurance may result in lower premiums paid by the policy holder, the loss arising from a claim may far exceed any marginal savings in insurance premiums.

44. Warranties No over loading
S Implied Warranty of legality & seaworthiness S Express warranties
No over loading
Mechanical derangements excluded Tarpaulin cover
Second hand Machinery replacement

45. ADDITIONAL CLAUSES
LABELS CLAUSE
CARGO ISM ENDORSEMENTJC98/019
CARGO ISM FORWARDING CHARGES JC98/023
TERMINATION OF TRANSIT CLAUSE (TERRORISM)JC2009/056
COMPUTER MILLENNIUM EXCLUSION CLAUSE (CARGO)
CHANGE OF DESTINATIN / DEVIATION / DELAY
DECONSOLIDATION AND UNPACKING COVERAGE
RETURN SHIPMENTS CLAUSE
CRAFT CLAUSE
ON DECK SHIPMENTS
SUE AND LABOUR CLAUSE
CONTRACT (RIGHTS OF THIRD PARTIES) ACT 1999 EXCLUSION CLAUSE
DELIBERATE DAMAGE POLLUTION HAZARD CLAUSE
LETTERS OF CREDIT CLAUSE
SOUTH AFRICA INLAND TRNSIT DEDUCTIBLE CLAUSE
REPLACEMENT CLAUSE
SECONDHAND REPLACEMENT CLAUSE
INSTITUTE CLASSIFICATION CLAUSE CL.354 (1/1/01)

46. ADDITIONAL CLAUSES & WARRANTIES
INSTITUTE RADIOACTIVE CONTAMINATION,CHEMICAL, BIOLOGICAL, BIO-CHEMICAL,ELECTROMAGNETIC WEAPONS EXCLUSION CLAUSE CL.370 (10/11/03)
INSTITUTE CYBER ATTACK EXCLUSION CLAUSE CL.380 (10/11/03)
NON CONTRIBUTION CLAUSE
EXCLUDING RUSTING , OXIDATION, DISCOLORATION, WETTING, STAINING, SCRATCHING, BRUISING, CHIPPING, DENTING, MARRING AND THE COST OF REPAINTING AS APPLICABLE.
TEMPERATURE VARIATION
PAIRS AND SETS CLAUSE
PROCESS CLAUSE
ELECTRICAL AND MECHANICAL DERANGEMENT
EXCLUDING HEATING AND SWEATING
EXCLUDING INFESTATION ARISING FROM WEEVIL, GRUB OR WEB
EXCLUDING REJECTION RISKS
EXCLUDING ANY NATURAL LOSS IN WEIGHT
WARRANTED SHIPPED IN VENTILATED CONTAINERS
SANCTION LIMITATION AND EXCLUSION CLAUSE JC2010/014
UK EXPORT CONTROL ORDER 2008-REVOCATION OF LICENCES CLAUSE JC2010/015.

47. Rules of Construction of Plicy
The following are the rules referred to by Act for the construction of a policy in the above or other like form, where the context does not otherwise require:
1. Where the subject-matter is insured 'lost or not lost', and the loss has occurred
before the contract is concluded, the risk attaches unless, at such time the assured was aware of the loss, and the insurer was not.
2. Where the subject-matter is insured 'from' a particular place, the risk does not attach until the ship starts on the voyage insured.
3.(a) Where a ship is insured 'at and from' a particular place, and she is at that place in good safety when the contract is concluded, the risk attaches immediately.
(b) If she be not at that place when the contract is concluded, the risk attaches as
soon as she arrives there in good safety, and, unless the policy otherwise provides, it is immaterial that she is covered by another policy for a specified time after arrival.
(c) Where chartered freight is insured 'at and from' a particular place, and the ship is
at that place in good safety when the contract is concluded the risk attaches
immediately. If she be not there when the contract is concluded, the risk attaches as soon as she arrives there in good safety.
(d) Where freight, other than chartered freight, is payable without special conditions and is insured 'at and from' a particular place, the risk attaches pro rata as the goods or merchandise are shipped; provided that if there be cargo in readiness which belongs to the shipowner, or which some other person has contracted with him to ship, the risk attaches as soon as the ship is ready to receive such cargo.

48. Rules of Construction of Plicy CONTINUED......
4. Where goods or other moveables are insured 'from the loading thereof,' the risk does not attach until such goods or moveables are actually on board, and the
insurer is not liable for them while in transit from the shore to the ship.
5. Where the risk on goods or other moveables continues until they are 'safely
landed,' they must be landed in the customary manner and within a reasonable time after arrival at the port of discharge, and if they are not so landed the risk ceases.
6. In the absence of any further licence or usage, the liberty to touch and stay 'at
any port or place whatsoever' does not authorise the ship to depart from the course
of her voyage from the port of departure to the port of destination.
7. The term 'perils of the seas' refers only to fortuitous accidents or casualties of the seas. It does not include the ordinary action of the winds and waves.
8. The term 'pirates' includes passengers who mutiny and rioters who attack the ship from the shore.
9. The term 'thieves' does not cover clandestine theft or a theft committed by any
one of the ship's company, whether crew or passengers.
10. The term 'arrests, &c., of kings, princes, and people' refers to a political or
executive acts, and does not include a loss caused by riot or by ordinary judicial process.
11. The term 'barratry' includes every wrongful act wilfully committed by the master
or crew to the prejudice of the owner, or, as the case may be, the charterer.

49. Rules of Construction of Plicy CONTINUED......
12. The term 'all other perils' includes only perils similar in kind to the perils specifically mentioned in the policy.
13. The term 'average unless general' means a partial loss of subject-matter insured other than a general average loss, and does not include 'particular charges'.
14. Where the ship has stranded the insurer is liable for the excepted losses,
although the loss is not attributable to the stranding, provided that when the stranding takes place the risk has attached and, if the policy be on goods, that the damaged goods are on board.
15. The term 'ship' includes the hull, materials and outfit, stores and provisions for the officers and crew, and, in the case of vessels engaged in a special trade, the ordinary fittings requisite for the trade, and also, in the case of a steamship, the machinery, boilers, and coals and engine stores, if owned by the assured.
16. The term 'freight' includes the profit derivable by a shipowner from the
employment of his ship to carry his own goods or moveables, as well as freight payable by a third party, but does not include passage money.
17. The term 'goods' means goods in the nature of merchandise, and does not
include personal effects or provisions and stores for use on board.
In the absence of any usage to the contrary, deck cargo and living animals must be insured specifically, and not under the general denomination of goods.

50. IMPORTANT SECTIONS OF MARINE INSURANCE ACT 1906)
SECTION
HEADING 5
INSURABLE INTEREST DEFINED 6
INSURABLE INTEREST ATTACHED 17
UTMOST GOOD FAITH 18
DUTY OF DISCLOSER 27
VALUED POLICY 33
WARRANTY 34
BREACH OF WARRANTY EXCUSED 35
WARRANTY OF SEAWORTHINESS OF SHIP 41
WARRANTY OF LEGALITY 55
INCLUDED & EXCLUDED LOSSES 57
TOTAL LOSS OF SHIP

51. 60
CONSTRUCTIVE TOTAL LOSS 61
EFFECTS OF CTL 62
ABANDONEMENT 63
EFFECTS OF ABANDONEMENT 66
GENERAL AVERAGE 69
PARTIAL LOSS OF SHIP 71
PARTIAL LOSS OF GOODS &
MERCHANDICE
CONTRIBUTION FOR GENERAL 73
AVERAGE & SALVAGE CHARGES 77
SUCCESSIVE LOSSES 78
SUE & LABOUR 79
SUBROGATION

52. OTHER IMPORTANT FACTORS RELATED TO MARINE INSURANCE
CARGO INSURANCE
OTHER IMPORTANT FACTORS RELATED TO MARINE INSURANCE

53. A legal document between the shipper of a particular good and the carrier detailing the
type, quantity and destination
of the good being carried. The bill of lading also serves as a receipt of shipment when the good is delivered to the
predetermined destination.
This document must
accompany the shipped
goods, no matter the form of transportation, and must be signed by an authorized representative from the carrier, shipper and receiver.
B/L - R/R - L/R - AWBL

54. What is HELD COVERED?
insurance term for a rule acceptance of insurance risk as long as extended cover exists.
HELD COVERED: A provisional acceptance of risk, subject to confirmation at a later date that the agreed cover is needed. Where applicable to an existing
insurance, cover is conditional, in practice, on prompt advice to the Underwriter
as soon as the Assured is aware of the circumstances to be held covered
coming into effect, and a reasonable additional premium is payable if the risk held covered comes into effect.
EXAMPLE OF SHUT OUT CARGO

55. P & I CLUB
S Protection and indemnity insurance, commonly known as P&I insurance, is a form of marine insurance provided by a P&I club. A P&I club is a mutual (i.e. co-operative) insurance association that provides cover for its members, who will typically be ship- owners, ship-operators or demise charterers. Unlike a marine insurance company, which is answerable to its shareholders, a P&I club is the servant only of its members.
S Both P&I clubs and conventional marine insurers are governed by the provisions of the Marine Insurance Act Marine insurers provide cover for known quantifiable risks, mainly Hull & Machinery insurance for shipowners, and Cargo Insurance for
cargo owners. By contrast, P&I Clubs provide insurance cover for
broader indeterminate risks, such as third party liabilities that marine insurers are loath to cover. Third party risks include a carrier’s liability to a cargo-owner for damage to cargo, a ship’s liability after a collision, environmental pollution and war risk

56. ON DECK CARGO
Goods
The term "goods" means goods in the nature of merchandise, and does not
include personal effects or provisions and stores for use on board.
In the absence of any usage to the contrary, deck cargo and living animals must be insured specifically, and not under the general denomination of goods.

57. LIST OF CLASSIFICATION SOCIETIES
(INSTITUTE CLASSIFICATION CLAUSE CL.354 (1/1/01))
Member of organization The members of IACS are:
1. American Bureau of Shipping (ABS)
2. Bureau Veritas (BV)
3. China Classification Society (CCS)
4. Croatian Register of Shipping (CRS) [2]
5. Det Norske Veritas (DNV)
6. Germanischer Lloyd (GL)
7. Indian Register of Shipping (IRS)
8. Korean Register of Shipping (KR)
9. Lloyd's Register (LR)
10.Nippon Kaiji Kyokai (NK/ClassNK)
11.Polish Register of Shipping (PRS) [3]
12.Registro Italiano Navale (RINA)
13.Russian Maritime Register of Shipping (RS)

58. SCUTTLING OF SHIPS/“Rust Bucket” fraud
GROUPS OF MARITIME FRAUDS.
DOCUMENTARY FRAUDS
SCUTTLING OF SHIPS/“Rust Bucket” fraud
PHANTOM SHIP/Ghost ship/
Paint brush piracy
PIRACY
CARGO THEFTS
IN CONNECTION WITH CHARTERERS

59. Srevedores
S Stevedore, dockworker, docker, dock
labourer, wharfie and longshoreman can have various waterfront-related meanings concerning loading and unloading ships, according to place and country.
S The word stevedore originated in Portugal or Spain, and entered
the English language through its use by sailors. It started as a phonetic
spelling of estivador (Portuguese) orestibador (Spanish), meaning a man who stuffs, here in the sense of a man who loads ships, which was the original meaning of stevedore; compare Latin stīpāre meaning to stuff, as in to fill with stuffing.[1] In the United Kingdom, men who load and unload ships are usually called dockers, while in the United States and Canada the term longshoreman, derived from man-along-the-shore, is used.[2] Before extensive use of container ships and shore-based handling machinery in the U.S., longshoremen referred exclusively to the dockworkers, while stevedores, in a separate trade union, worked on the ships, operating ship's cranes and moving cargo. In Canada, the term stevedorehas also been used, for example, in the name of the Western Stevedoring Company, Ltd., based in Vancouver, B.C. in the 1950s

60. Custom house Agent
The empowers, which allows agents of importers and exporters to act on behalf of
importers and exporters. This is necessitated by the highly involved and technical nature of the work to be done in connection with clearance of imports into and exports out of country. The importers and exporters themselves may have neither time nor the requisite knowledge on their own. Therefore, agents are allowed to act on their behalf. The work of the agents is governed by the Customs House Agents Licensing Regulations.

61. THANK YOU