2. Slide 1 Computer Confluence 7/e © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.

3. Slide 2 Computer Confluence 7/e Chapter 1 Computer Currents and Internet Waves © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.

4. Slide 3 Computer Confluence 7/e Chapter 1 Objectives What a computer is and what it does Ways computers play a critical role in modern life The history of the development of the modern computer Trends in the evolution of modern computers Fundamental differences between computers and other machines The relationship between hardware and software © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.

5. Slide 4 Computer Confluence 7/e Chapter 1 Objectives (continued) The four major types of computers in use today and their principal uses How the Internet is changing the way people use computers and information technology Today’s Information Age The social and ethical impact of information technology on our society © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.

6. Slide 5 Computer Confluence 7/e Chapter 1 The Google Guys: Search for Success Google is one of the most successful companies on WWW  search for Web pages, facts, quotes, etc.  200 million queries a day Launched by a Sergey Brin and Larry Page (Stanford Ph.D. students) New approach in webpage design: Marks a page’s relevance by the number of times other related web pages link to it, not how often a word or phrase appeared on a page © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.

7. Slide 6 Computer Confluence 7/e Chapter 1 Computing Before Computers Charles Babbage (1791-1871)  19th-century mathematics professor at Cambridge The Analytical Engine, Lady Lovelace (1823)  Mother of all computers, conceived by Charles Babbage  Could be programmed with punched cards  Could carry out any calculation to 20 digits of accuracy © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.

8. Slide 7 Computer Confluence 7/e Chapter 1 Computing Before Computers Augusta Ada King, Countess of Lovelace  Interpreter and promoter of Babbage’s visionary work  Wrote a plan for using the Analytical Engine to calculate sequences of Bernoulli numbers  Often called the first computer programmer © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.

9. Slide 8 Computer Confluence 7/e Chapter 1 Living without Computers Computers are no longer a luxury but rather a commodity Computers and their applications are involved in all aspects of our daily life © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.

10. Slide 9 Computer Confluence 7/e Chapter 1 Computers in Perspective: An Evolving Idea Every computer in use today follows the basic plan laid out by Babbage and Lady Lovelace The computer is an incredibly versatile tool  Can compute your taxes or deploy a missile © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.

11. Slide 10 Computer Confluence 7/e Chapter 1 Computers in Perspective: An Evolving Idea All computers take in information called input and give out information called output © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.

12. Slide 11 Computer Confluence 7/e Chapter 1 Computers in Perspective: An Evolving Idea (continued) The computer's versatility is built upon its:  Hardware: The physical part  Software: The instructions that tells hardware how to transform the input data (information in a form it can read) into the necessary output © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.

13. Slide 12 The First Real Computers:  1939: Konrad Zuse completed the first programmable, general-purpose digital computer © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Computer Confluence 7/e Chapter 1 Computers in Perspective: An Evolving Idea (continued)

14. Slide 13  At about the same time, the British government was assembling a top-secret team of mathematicians and engineers to crack Nazi military codes  1943: The team, led by mathematician Alan Turing and others, completed Colossus, considered by many to be the first electronic digital computer © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Computer Confluence 7/e Chapter 1 Computers in Perspective: An Evolving Idea (continued)

15. Slide 14 Computer Confluence 7/e Chapter 1 Computers in Perspective: An Evolving Idea (continued)  1939: Iowa State University professor John Atanasoff developed what could have been the first electronic digital computer, the Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC) © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.

16. Slide 15 Computer Confluence 7/e Chapter 1 Computers in Perspective: An Evolving Idea (continued)  1944: Thanks to a one million dollar grant from IBM, Harvard professor Howard Aiken developed the Mark I © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.

17. Slide 16 Computer Confluence 7/e Chapter 1 Computers in Perspective: An Evolving Idea (continued)  John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert helped the U.S. effort in World War II by constructing a machine to calculate trajectory tables for new guns  called ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer)  After the war, Mauchly and Eckert started a private company called Sperry and created UNIVAC I, the first general-purpose commercial computer © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.

18. Slide 17 Computer Confluence 7/e Chapter 1 Computers in Perspective: An Evolving Idea (continued) Evolution and Acceleration  Vacuum tubes were used in early computers  Transistors replaced vacuum tubes starting in 1956  By the mid-1960s transistors were replaced by integrated circuits © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.

19. Slide 18 Computer Confluence 7/e Chapter 1 Computers in Perspective: An Evolving Idea (continued)  Integrated circuits brought:  Increased reliability  Smaller size  Higher speed  Higher efficiency  Lower cost © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.

20. Slide 19 Computer Confluence 7/e Chapter 1 Computers in Perspective: An Evolving Idea (continued) The Microcomputer Revolution  1971: The first microprocessor was invented by Intel engineers  The microcomputer revolution began in 1970:  Apple  Commodore  Tandy  Desktop computers haven’t completely replaced big computers, which have also evolved © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.

21. Slide 20 Computer Confluence 7/e Chapter 1 Computers Today: A Brief Taxonomy Mainframes and Supercomputers  Mainframes  Used by large organizations, such as banks and airlines, for big computing jobs © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.

22. Slide 21 Computer Confluence 7/e Chapter 1 Computers Today: A Brief Taxonomy  Supercomputers  For power users who need access to the fastest, most powerful computers made © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.

23. Slide 22 Computer Confluence 7/e Chapter 1 Computers Today: A Brief Taxonomy Servers, Workstations, and PCs  Servers  Computers designed to provide software and other resources to other computers over a network © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.

24. Slide 23 Computer Confluence 7/e Chapter 1 Computers Today: A Brief Taxonomy  Workstations  High-end desktop computers with massive computing power used for high-end interactive applications © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.

25. Slide 24 Computer Confluence 7/e Chapter 1 Computers Today: A Brief Taxonomy  PCs: Serve a single user at a time  Common applications include:  word processing, accounting, gaming, and enjoying digital music and video © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.

26. Slide 25 Computer Confluence 7/e Chapter 1 Computers Today: A Brief Taxonomy (continued)  Portable Computers: Machines that are not tied to the desktop  Notebooks (laptops)  Handheld computers (PDAs) © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.

27. Slide 26 Computer Confluence 7/e Chapter 1 Computers Today: A Brief Taxonomy Embedded Computers  Special-purpose computer: Dedicated computers that perform specific tasks  Controlling the temperature and humidity  Monitoring your heart rate  Monitoring your house security system © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.

28. Slide 27 Computer Confluence 7/e Chapter 1 Computer Connections: The Internet Revolution The Emergence of Networks  Local-Area Networks (LANs)  Wide-Area Networks (WANs)  The experimental network built in 1969, called ARPANET, would become the Internet © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.

29. Slide 28 Computer Confluence 7/e Chapter 1 Computer Connections: The Internet Revolution (continued) The Internet Explosion  Electronic mail  E-mail software  World Wide Web  Led the Internet’s transformation from a text-only environment into a multimedia landscape incorporating pictures, animation, sounds, and video  Web browsers  Programs that, in effect, serve as navigable windows into the Web © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.

30. Slide 29 Computer Confluence 7/e Chapter 1 Computer Connections: The Internet Revolution (continued)  Hypertext links  Tie together millions of Web pages created by diverse authors  Intranets  Private intra-organizational networks based on Internet technology  Network computers  Stripped-down computers designed to function mainly as network terminals  Set-top boxes  Provide Internet access through television sets © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc. “All persons are caught in an inescapable network of mutuality, tied in a single garment of destiny. Whatever affects one directly, affects all indirectly”.. —Martin Luther King Jr..

31. Slide 30 Computer Confluence 7/e Chapter 1 Into the Information Age In the history of our society we have had:  An agricultural age  An industrial age Now we are in a new age, the information age:  More and more people earn their livings working with words, numbers, and ideas © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.

32. Slide 31 Computer Confluence 7/e Chapter 1 Living with Computers (continued) Explanations: Clarifying Technology  Computer literacy is already improving our day-to-day life and careers Applications: Computers in Action  Applications: enable you to use a computer for specific purposes Applications: © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.

33. Slide 32 Computer Confluence 7/e Chapter 1 Living with Computers (continued) Application programs I. Word processing and desktop publishing II. Spreadsheets and other number-crunching applications III. Databases IV.Computer graphics and digital photos V.Digital audio, digital video, and multimedia VI.Telecommunication and networking VII.Artificial intelligence VIII.Entertainment IX.General problem-solving © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.

34. Slide 33 Computer Confluence 7/e Chapter 1 Living with Computers (continued) Implications: Social and Ethical Issues  The threat to personal privacy posed by large databases and computer networks  The hazards of high-tech crime and the difficulty of keeping data secure  The difficulty of defining and protecting intellectual property in an all-digital age  The risks of computer system failure © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.

35. Slide 34 Computer Confluence 7/e Chapter 1 Living with Computers (continued)  The threat of automation and the dehumanization of work  The abuse of information as a tool of political and economic power  The dangers of dependence on complex technology  The death of privacy  The blurring of reality  The evolution of intelligence  The emergence of bio-digital technology © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.

36. Slide 35 Computer Confluence 7/e Chapter 1 Inventing the Future  Hardware: the base of any new project  Software: the next step, which gives value to the hardware  Service: the most successful current business approach  Way of life: computers tend to become part of our way of life © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.

37. Slide 36 Computer Confluence 7/e Chapter 1 Lesson Summary  Computers have evolved at an incredible pace since Charles Babbage’s plan for an Analytical Engine  Computers today come in all shapes and sizes, with specific types being well suited for particular jobs  Connecting to a network enhances the value and power of a computer:  Internet  WWW  E-mail © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.

38. Slide 37 Computer Confluence 7/e Chapter 1 Lesson Summary (continued)  Computers and information technology have changed the world rapidly and irreversibly  Emerging technologies, such as artificial intelligence, offer promise for future applications  Computers also threaten our privacy, our security, and perhaps our way of life © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.