2. Shift the decimal point in “groups of three” until the number before the decimal point is between 0 and 999. Multiply by a power of 10 that is equal to the number of places the decimal point has been moved. The power of 10 is positive if the decimal point is moved to the left and negative if the decimal point is moved to the right. 2

3. 3 ValuePrefixSymbol 10 12 teraT 10 9 gigaG 10 6 megaM 10 3 kilok 10 -3 millim 10 -6 micro  10 -9 nanon 10 -12 picop 10 -15 femtof

4. A resistor is an electronic component that resists the flow of electrical current. A resistor is typically used to control the amount of current that is flowing in a circuit. Resistance is measured in units of ohms (  ) and named after George Ohm, whose law (Ohm’s Law) defines the fundamental relationship between voltage, current, and resistance. 4

5. 5 Resistor Color Code

6. A capacitor is an electronic component that can be used to store an electrical charge. Capacitors are often used in electronic circuits as temporary energy-storage devices. Capacitance is measured in units of farads (F) and named after Michael Faraday, a British chemist and physicist who contributed significantly to the study of electromagnetism. 6

7. 7 Using a Digital Multi-Meter (DMM) to measure resistance.

8. V IR V IR V IR

9. Characteristics of a series circuit The current flowing through every series component is equal. The total resistance (R T ) is equal to the sum of all of the resistances (i.e., R 1 + R 2 + R 3 ). The sum of all of the voltage drops (V R1 + V R2 + V R2 ) is equal to the total applied voltage (V T ). This is called Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law. 9 VTVT + - V R2 + - V R1 +- V R3 + - RTRT ITIT

10. Characteristics of a Parallel Circuit The voltage across every parallel component is equal. The total resistance (R T ) is equal to the reciprocal of the sum of the reciprocal: The sum of all of the currents in each branch (I R1 + I R2 + I R3 ) is equal to the total current (I T ). This is called Kirchhoff’s Current Law. 10 + - + - V R1 + - V R2 V R3 RTRT VTVT ITIT + -

11. 11 Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL): The sum of all of the voltage drops in a series circuit equals the total applied voltage. Gustav Kirchhoff 1824-1887 German Physicist Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL): The total current in a parallel circuit equals the sum of the individual branch currents.

12. A manufacturer datasheet for a logic gate contains the following information: General Description Connection (pin-out) Diagram Function Table Operating Conditions Electrical Characteristics Switching Characteristics Physical Dimensions 12

13. 13 Amplitude (peak-to-peak) Amplitude (peak) Period (T) Frequency:

14. 14 Amplitude Time High (t H ) Time Low (t L ) Period (T) Rising Edge Falling Edge Amplitude: For digital signals, this will ALWAYS be 5 volts. Period (T): The time it takes for a periodic signal to repeat. (in seconds) Frequency (ƒ): A measure of the number of cycles of the signal per second. (in Hertz, Hz) Time High (t H ): The time (in sec.) the signal is high or 5v. Time Low (t L ): The time (sec.) the signal is low or 0v. Duty Cycle (DC) (%): The ratio of t H to the period (T), expressed as a percentage. Rising Edge: A 0-to-1 transition of the signal. Falling Edge: A 1-to-0 transition of the signal. Frequency (ƒ):Duty Cycle (%):

15. 15 4 Channel Oscilloscope Component X axis plots time Timebase Scale & X Position: Adjusts the time scale and offset of the signals. This is common for all channels. Channel Scale & Y Position Adjusts the horizontal scale and offset of the selected channel. Channel Selector Marker Display: Displays the voltage & time intersect for the markers T1 & T2. Markers: Movable markers T1 & T2 Displayed Signals Y axis plots voltage

16. 16 Successive Division a)Divide the Decimal Number by 2; the remainder is the LSB of Binary Number. b)If the Quotient Zero, the conversion is complete; else repeat step (a) using the Quotient as the Decimal Number. The new remainder is the next most significant bit of the Binary Number. a)Multiply each bit of the Binary Number by it corresponding bit-weighting factor (i.e. Bit-0 → 2 0 =1; Bit-1 → 2 1 =2; Bit-2 → 2 2 =4; etc). b)Sum up all the products in step (a) to get the Decimal Number. Weighted Multiplication

17. 17 Period: Frequency: Duty Cycle: