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Fig
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Nonbranching Evolution (results in speciation)
Fig PATTERNS OF EVOLUTION Nonbranching Evolution (no new species) Branching Evolution (results in speciation)
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Similarity between different species Diversity within one species
Fig Similarity between different species Diversity within one species
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Similarity between different species
Fig a Similarity between different species
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Diversity within one species
Fig b Diversity within one species
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Reduced hybrid viability
Fig INDIVIDUALS OF DIFFERENT SPECIES Prezygotic Barriers Temporal isolation Habitat isolation Behavioral isolation MATING ATTEMPT Mechanical isolation Gametic isolation FERTILIZATION (ZYGOTE FORMS) Postzygotic Barriers Reduced hybrid viability Reduced hybrid fertility Hybrid breakdown VIABLE, FERTILE OFFSPRING
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INDIVIDUALS OF DIFFERENT SPECIES MATING ATTEMPT
Fig a INDIVIDUALS OF DIFFERENT SPECIES Prezygotic Barriers Temporal isolation Habitat isolation Behavioral isolation MATING ATTEMPT Mechanical isolation Gametic isolation
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Reduced hybrid viability
Fig b INDIVIDUALS OF DIFFERENT SPECIES FERTILIZATION (ZYGOTE FORMS) Postzygotic Barriers Reduced hybrid viability Reduced hybrid fertility Hybrid breakdown VIABLE, FERTILE OFFSPRING
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PREZYGOTIC BARRIERS Temporal Isolation Habitat Isolation
Fig PREZYGOTIC BARRIERS Temporal Isolation Habitat Isolation Behavioral Isolation Mechanical Isolation Gametic Isolation
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Skunk species that mate at different times
Fig a Temporal Isolation Skunk species that mate at different times
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Garter snake species from different habitats
Fig b Habitat Isolation Garter snake species from different habitats
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Mating ritual of blue-footed boobies
Fig c Behavioral Isolation Mating ritual of blue-footed boobies
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Snail species whose genital openings cannot align
Fig d Mechanical Isolation Snail species whose genital openings cannot align
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Sea urchin species whose gametes cannot fuse
Fig e Gametic Isolation Sea urchin species whose gametes cannot fuse
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POSTZYGOTIC BARRIERS Reduced Hybrid Viability Reduced Hybrid Fertility
Fig POSTZYGOTIC BARRIERS Reduced Hybrid Viability Reduced Hybrid Fertility Hybrid Breakdown Horse Donkey Mule
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Reduced Hybrid Viability
Fig a Reduced Hybrid Viability Frail hybrid salamander offspring
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Reduced Hybrid Fertility
Fig b Reduced Hybrid Fertility Horse Donkey Mule Mule (sterile hybrid of horse and donkey)
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Sterile next-generation rice hybrid
Fig c Hybrid Breakdown Sterile next-generation rice hybrid
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Allopatric speciation Simpatric speciation
Fig Allopatric speciation Simpatric speciation
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Ammospermophilus harrisii Ammospermophilus leucurus
Fig Ammospermophilus harrisii Ammospermophilus leucurus
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Populations Populations become become allopatric sympatric Populations
Fig Populations become allopatric Populations become sympatric Populations interbreed Gene pools merge: No speciation Populations cannot interbreed Geographic barrier Reproductive isolation: Speciation has occurred Time
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Sterile hybrid (14 chromosomes)
Fig Domesticated Triticum monococcum (14 chromosomes) Wild Triticum (14 chromosomes) AA BB AB Sterile hybrid (14 chromosomes)
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Sterile hybrid (14 chromosomes)
Fig Domesticated Triticum monococcum (14 chromosomes) Wild Triticum (14 chromosomes) AA BB AB Sterile hybrid (14 chromosomes) T. turgidum Emmer wheat (28 chromosomes) AA BB
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Sterile hybrid (14 chromosomes) Sterile hybrid (21 chromosomes)
Fig Domesticated Triticum monococcum (14 chromosomes) Wild Triticum (14 chromosomes) AA BB AB Sterile hybrid (14 chromosomes) T. turgidum Emmer wheat (28 chromosomes) AA BB DD Wild T. tauschii (14 chromosomes) ABD Sterile hybrid (21 chromosomes)
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Sterile hybrid (14 chromosomes) Sterile hybrid (21 chromosomes)
Fig Domesticated Triticum monococcum (14 chromosomes) Wild Triticum (14 chromosomes) AA BB AB Sterile hybrid (14 chromosomes) T. turgidum Emmer wheat (28 chromosomes) AA BB DD Wild T. tauschii (14 chromosomes) ABD Sterile hybrid (21 chromosomes) T. aestivum Bread wheat (42 chromosomes) AA BB DD
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Fig a
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Fig Punctuated model Time Graduated model
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Artist’s reconstruction
Fig Wing claw (like reptile) Teeth (like reptile) Feathers Long tail with many vertebrae (like reptile) Fossil Artist’s reconstruction
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Fig a Fossil
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Artist’s reconstruction
Fig b Wing claw (like reptile) Teeth (like reptile) Feathers Long tail with many vertebrae (like reptile) Artist’s reconstruction
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Fig Gills
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(paedomorphic features)
Fig Chimpanzee fetus Chimpanzee adult Human fetus Human adult (paedomorphic features)
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Fig a Chimpanzee fetus Chimpanzee adult
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(paedomorphic features)
Fig b Human fetus Human adult (paedomorphic features)
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Fig
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Fig a
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Fig b
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Fig c
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Fig d
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Fig e
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(as % of living organism’s Carbon-14 radioactivity
Fig Radioactive decay of carbon-14 100 75 (as % of living organism’s Carbon-14 radioactivity C-14 to C-12 ratio) 50 25 5.6 11.2 16.8 22.4 28.0 33.6 39.2 44.8 50.4 Time (thousands of years) How carbon-14 dating is used to determine the vintage of a fossilized clam shell Carbon-14 in shell
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(as % of living organism’s Carbon-14 radioactivity
Fig a 100 75 (as % of living organism’s Carbon-14 radioactivity C-14 to C-12 ratio) 50 25 5.6 11.2 16.8 22.4 28.0 33.6 39.2 44.8 50.4 Time (thousands of years) Radioactive decay of carbon-14
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How carbon-14 dating is used to determine
Fig b-1 How carbon-14 dating is used to determine the vintage of a fossilized clam shell Carbon-14 in shell
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How carbon-14 dating is used to determine
Fig b-2 How carbon-14 dating is used to determine the vintage of a fossilized clam shell Carbon-14 in shell
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How carbon-14 dating is used to determine
Fig b-3 How carbon-14 dating is used to determine the vintage of a fossilized clam shell Carbon-14 in shell
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Fig
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Present Cenozoic 65 135 Mesozoic 251 million years ago Paleozoic
Fig Present Cenozoic North America Eurasia 65 Africa South America India Madagascar Australia Antarctica Laurasia 135 Mesozoic Gondwana 251 million years ago Pangaea Paleozoic
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Fig
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Fig
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Fig Chicxulub crater
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Leopard (Panthera pardus)
Fig Leopard (Panthera pardus) Tiger (Panthera tigris) Lion (Panthera leo) Jaguar (Panthera onca)
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Leopard (Panthera pardus)
Fig a Leopard (Panthera pardus)
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Tiger (Panthera tigris)
Fig b Tiger (Panthera tigris)
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Fig c Lion (Panthera leo)
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Jaguar (Panthera onca)
Fig d Jaguar (Panthera onca)
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Species Panthera pardus Genus Panthera Leopard (Panthera pardus)
Fig Species Panthera pardus Genus Panthera Leopard (Panthera pardus) Family Felidae Order Carnivora Class Mammalia Phylum Chordata Kingdom Animalia Domain Eukarya
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Species Panthera pardus Genus Panthera Family Felidae Order Carnivora
Fig a Species Panthera pardus Genus Panthera Family Felidae Order Carnivora Class Mammalia Phylum Chordata Kingdom Animalia Domain Eukarya
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Fig b Leopard (Panthera pardus)
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Order Family Genus Species Panthera pardus (leopard) Felidae Panthera
Fig Order Family Genus Species Panthera pardus (leopard) Felidae Panthera Mephitis mephitis (striped skunk) Mephitis Carnivora Mustelidae Lutra lutra (European otter) Lutra Canis latrans (coyote) Canidae Canis Canis lupus (wolf)
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Fig
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Iguana Outgroup (reptile) Duck-billed platypus Ingroup Hair, mammary
Fig Iguana Outgroup (reptile) Duck-billed platypus Ingroup (mammals) Hair, mammary glands Kangaroo Gestation Beaver Long gestation
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Lizards and snakes Crocodilians Pterosaurs Common ancestor of
Fig Lizards and snakes Crocodilians Pterosaurs Common ancestor of crocodilians, dinosaurs, and birds Ornithischian dinosaurs Saurischian dinosaurs Birds
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Domain Bacteria Earliest Domain Archaea organisms The protists
Fig Domain Bacteria Earliest organisms Domain Archaea The protists (multiple kingdoms) Kingdom Plantae Domain Eukarya Kingdom Fungi Kingdom Animalia
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Ancestral mammal Monotremes (5 species) Reptilian ancestor Marsupials
Fig Ancestral mammal Monotremes (5 species) Extinction of dinosaurs Reptilian ancestor Marsupials (324 species) Eutherians (5,010 species) 250 200 150 100 65 50 American black bear Millions of years ago
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Ancestral mammal Monotremes (5 species) Reptilian ancestor Marsupials
Fig a Ancestral mammal Monotremes (5 species) Extinction of dinosaurs Reptilian ancestor Marsupials (324 species) Eutherians (5,010 species) 250 200 150 100 65 50 Millions of years ago
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Fig b American black bear
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Fig. 14-T01
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Fig. 14-T01a
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Fig. 14-T01b
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Fig. 14-T01c
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Fig. 14-T01d
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Viable, fertile offspring
Fig. 14-UN01 Zygote Viable, fertile offspring Gametes Prezygotic barriers Postzygotic barriers • Temporal isolation • Habitat isolation • Behavioral isolation • Mechanical isolation • Gametic isolation • Reduced hybrid viability • Reduced hybrid fertility • Hybrid breakdown
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Allopatric speciation geographic isolation) geographic isolation)
Fig. 14-UN02 Allopatric speciation (occurs after geographic isolation) Parent population Sympatric speciation (occurs without geographic isolation)
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Fig. 14-UN03 Bacteria Earliest organisms Archaea Eukarya
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