1.  Protest : the act of challenging, resisting, or making demands upon authorities, powerholders, and/or cultural beliefs and practices by some individual or group  Social movement : a collective, organized, sustained and noninstitutional challenge to authorities, powerholders, or cultural beliefs and practices.  Revolutionary movement : a social movement that seeks, at a minimum, to overthrow the government or state

2.  The act of challenging, resisting, or making demands upon  authorities, power-holders,  and/or cultural beliefs and practices  by some individual or group

3. A challenge to  authorities, power-holders  cultural beliefs and practices  actions to promote or resist social change that is …  collective (multiple people)  organized (coordinated, at least to some degree)  sustained (lasts a while, not just one outburst) and  non-institutional (problematic – outside the “normal” structures or routines of society. Hard to define…)

4.  Revolutionary movement: A specific type of social movement dedicated to carrying out a specific revolution.  Revolution: A social movement advancing exclusive claims to control of the state, or some segment of it.

5.  Collective action (esp. protests): people act together in some concerted fashion.  Collective campaign : series of collective actions oriented toward the same general social change goal bounded by space, time, and/or participants  Social movement (alternative def): a complex set of collective campaigns and other collective events broadly oriented to the same general goal  Emphasis on complexity, diffuse boundaries  Competing definitions, orientations within the movement

6.  Can be extremely vague and ill-defined, especially for relatively unorganized turmoil expressing discontent without clear proposals: For example, vague goals such as “to make things better for farmers [or peasants, or poor urbanites]."  Organizations are more likely to articulate clear goals or proposals.  Different factions of the same movement may disagree about specific goals…i.e. different branches of women’s movement, Black movement, workers’ movements, gay movement.  A complex movement generally encompasses may specific and even competing goals within a broader more diffuse social change orientation

7.  Coherent decision-making groups set goals, plan strategies, accumulate resources  Often seek directly to influence those who have power  Often plan events designed to draw in other people OR to influence other people’s opinions  May take many forms: moderate law-abiding, small informal or small clandestine, large bureaucratic, radical or disruptive, religious or secular

8.  Demonstrations, mass protests: Typically planned by an organization or coalition of organizations, but may draw in many other people.  May also occur more spontaneously after a major precipitating event, or at a gathering formed for another purpose.

9.  Riots, short-term insurrections: Typically not planned (although some may be incited). Generally build upon prior sentiments, organized on the spot.

10.  Individual thoughts, ideas  Isolated contributions, usually financial  Votes, public opinion, “green” consumerism  Some individuals take extensive actions to promote their movements: one-person campaigns  Individual acts of interpersonal resistance and solidarity.  Challenge hierarchies and form solidarities in interpersonal relations.

12.  What Drives Social Movements?  Universal issues: “everyone” benefits (in principle): peace, environment  Responses to economic crises, threats to subsistence, livelihood  Inequality issues  Specific issue, moral reform movements  On behalf of yourself  On behalf of others, victims  Think in terms of the social structure of the issue

13.  Examples: peace, war, the environment  Despite universal claims, always contentious  Peace: avoid war vs. use force to get rid of a perceived problem  War: potential for total destruction  Environment: all are harmed if the planet is destroyed, but the harms and the costs of protection are distributed unevenly  The groups supporting these issues tend to be tied to lifestyle, political, or religious subcultures, but not to deep social divisions

14.  Oppressed people who form separate economically & politically weak communities (many ethnic/racial minorities). Few ties to dominant groups.  Class movements  Reactive responses to subsistence threats  Longer-term institutionalized movements seeking state power  These may be tied to deep social divisions  People who experience discrimination (e.g. women, gays, disabled, religious minorities)  Typically integrated with other groups  Vary in class position and level of economic deprivation  Group members may disagree about whether oppressed

15.  Reform campaigns carried by formal organizations that raise money, lobby legislators, organize volunteers.  Interest groups, charitable groups.  Larger pools of public opinion.  Larger movements (e.g. women, Blacks, labor) with many organizations, strong base, have won presence in the polity  Nationalist movements: broad upswelling of oppressed populations, revolutionary often unless it is repressed  Sporadic or unorganized uprisings or resistance by oppressed people

17. HUMAN RIGHTS: are the rights that all people have by virtue of being human beings. HUMAN RIGHTS: are often defined internationally, nationally and locally by various law making bodies.

18. Modern Protection of Human Rights  United Nations  Regional Organizations  Local Non- Governmental Organizations

19.  Antiquity  Code of Hammurabi  Rights of Athenian citizens  Medieval  Magna Carta (1215)  Sir Thomas Aquinas’ theory of natural rights (13th Century)

20.  Enlightenment  English Declaration of the Rights of Man (1689)  U.S. Declaration of Independence (1776)  French Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen (1789)  United States Constitution and Bill of Rights (1789)

21.  Early Developments (cont.)  International Committee for the Red Cross (1863)  Geneva Convention (1864)  Hague Conventions (1899 and 1907)  League of Nations and the International Labor Organization (1919)

22.  Aftermath of World War II  Roosevelt’s Four Freedoms Speech (January 6, 1941)  The Atlantic Charter Between the United States and Great Britain (August 14, 1941)  The Nuremberg and Tokyo Tribunals  Creation of the United Nations (1945)

23.  The Preamble to the United Nations Charter states that the “Peoples of the United Nations” are determined “to reaffirm faith in fundamental human rights, in the dignity and worth of the human person, in the equal rights of men and women and of nations large and small.”

24.  In 1948, the UN General Assembly adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. The Declaration enumerates civil, political, economic, social, and cultural rights, but the Declaration contains no provisions for monitoring or enforcement.

25.  In 1966, the General Assembly adopted:  The Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (and its First Optional Protocol)  The Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights which, together with the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, are now known as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.

26. Covenant on Civil and Political Rights:  Prohibits discrimination on the basis of “race, color, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status” without regard to citizenship  Prohibits torture and cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment (personal integrity)  Prohibits slavery  Limits the use of the death penalty in countries that allow it to the most serious crimes committed by persons over 18

27. Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (cont.):  Prohibits arbitrary arrest or detention  Protects freedom of movement and residence  Protects the right to trial, presumption of innocence, right to a lawyer, right to an appeal, freedom from self-incrimination, and freedom from double jeopardy  Protects freedom of opinion and expression  Protects freedom of association and assembly  Public emergency exception (but torture, executions, and slavery are never permissible!!!!)  Ratified by the United States in 1992!!!!

28. Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights:  Right of people to work and make a “decent living for themselves and their families”  Right to safe and healthy working conditions  Right to form trade unions with the right to strike  Right of everyone to Social Security, including social insurance “widest possible protection and assistance should be accorded to the family, which is the natural and fundamental group unit of society”

29. Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (cont.):  Right to adequate food, clothing and housing and to the continuous improvement of living conditions  Right to education  Right to health care  Economic rights are subject to each country’s ability to provide such rights progressively as its resources permit  Signed but not ratified by the United States!!!

30.  In addition to the International Bill of Human Rights, the United Nations has drafted and promulgated over 80 human rights instruments:  genocide  racial discrimination  discrimination against women  refugee protection  torture  the rights of disabled persons  the rights of the child

31.  Security Council  General Assembly  Economic and Social Council  Commission on Human Rights  Subcommission on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights  Commission on the Status of Women

32.  Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice  International Court of Justice  International Criminal Court  Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (created by the General Assembly in 1993)

33.  Treaty Monitoring Bodies  Human Rights Committee  Committee on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination  Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women  Committee Against Torture  Committee on the Rights of the Child  Committee on Economic Social and Cultural Rights

34.  Congress and State Legislatures may enact legislation that specifically incorporates international law into domestic law  Judicial interpretation and application of existing legislative or constitutional provisions

35.  American Refugee Committee  Center for Victims of Torture  Institute for Agricultural and Trade Policy  School of the Americas Watch  Tibet Women's Association

36.  Monitor elections and political trials  Investigate human rights and conditions  Analyze human rights practices in closed countries – Albania, North Korea, Saudi Arabia  Identify and analyze conflicts in Chiapas and Kosovo  Child slavery in Haiti; child health in Mexico, Uganda and the United States

37.  Lobby United Nations  Draft model statutes  Inquest procedures  Forensic techniques  Domestic violence laws  Represent political asylum seekers  Promote ratification of human rights treaties

38.  Influence Human Rights Foreign Policy  Public Education  Work to abolish the death penalty and represent inmates on death row  Train activists in Eastern Europe and Nepal to use international human rights law to eliminate domestic violence  Boycott companies that use child labor

39. Where Do Human Rights Begin? In small places, close to home, so close and so small that they cannot be seen on any maps of the world. Yet they are the world of the individual person, the neighborhood he lives in, the factory, farm, or office where he worked. Such are the places where every man, woman, and child seeks equal justice, equal opportunity, equal dignity without discrimination. Unless these rights have meaning there, they have little meaning anywhere. Eleanor Roosevelt Never Doubt that a small group of concerned citizens can change the world, indeed that are the only ones that ever have. Margret Mead

40. A little about poverty…

41. Poverty is the lack of basic necessities that all human beings must have: food and water, shelter, education, medical care, security, etc. A multi-dimensional issue, poverty exceeds all social, economic, and political boundaries. As such, efforts to alleviate poverty must be informed of a variety of different factors.

42.   4.4 billion people live in developing countries.  At least 80% of humanity lives on less than $10 a day  More than 80 percent of the world’s population lives in countries where income differentials are widening  The poorest 40 percent of the world’s population accounts for 5 percent of global income.  The richest 20 percent accounts for three-quarters of world income

43.  The most recent estimate, released on October 14, 2009 by FAO, says that 1.02 billion people are undernourished, a sizable increase from its 2006 estimate of 854 million people The most recent estimate,

44.  The FAO estimate is based on statistical aggregates…  It looks at a country's income level and income distribution and uses this information to estimate how many people receive such a low level of income that they are malnourished.

48.  The official poverty rate in 2008 was 13.2 percent, up from 12.5 percent in 2007. This was the first statistically significant annual increase in the poverty rate since 2004, when poverty increased to 12.7 percent from 12.5 percent in 2003.  In 2008, 39.8 million people were in poverty, up from 37.3 million in 2007 -- the second consecutive annual increase in the number of people in poverty.  In 2008, the poverty rate increased for non-Hispanic Whites (8.6 percent in 2008 -- up from 8.2 percent in 2007), Asians (11.8 percent in 2008 -- up from 10.2 percent in 2007) and Hispanics (23.2 percent in 2008 -- up from 21.5 percent in 2007). Poverty rates in 2008 were statistically unchanged for Blacks (24.7 percent).

49.  The poverty rate in 2008 (13.2 percent) was the highest poverty rate since 1997 but was 9.2 percentage points lower than in 1959, the first year for which poverty estimates are available.  Since 1960, the number of people below poverty has not exceeded the 2008 figure of 39.8 million people.  The poverty rate increased for children under 18 years old (19.0 percent in 2008 -- up from 18.0 percent in 2007) and people 18 to 64 years old (11.7 percent in 2008 -- up from 10.9 percent in 2007), while it remained statistically unchanged for people 65 years and over (9.7 percent).

50. Three-fifths lack basic sanitation Three-fifths lack basic sanitation Almost one third have no access to clean water Almost one third have no access to clean water A quarter do not have adequate housing A quarter do not have adequate housing A fifth have no access to modern health services A fifth have no access to modern health services As of 2008 (2005 statistics), the World Bank has calculated that there were an estimated 1,345 million poor people in developing countries who live on $1.25 a day or less

51.  According to UNICEF, 26,500-30,000 children die each day due to poverty  Around 27-28 percent of all children in developing countries are estimated to be underweight or stunted.  Based on enrolment data, about 72 million children of primary school age in the developing world were not in school in 2005; 57 per cent of them were female

52.  A study by the World Institute for Development Economics Research at United Nations University reports that the richest 1% of adults alone owned 40% of global assets in the year 2000, and that the richest 10% of adults accounted for 85% of the world total.  In 2005, the wealthiest 20% of the world accounted for 76.6% of total private consumption.  The poorest fifth just 1.5%

53.  And yet…1.6 billion people — a quarter of humanity — live without electricity  The top three billionaires have assets greater than the combined GNP of all under-developed countries and their 600 million people.

55. Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of him/(her)self and his/(her) family, including food, clothing, housing and medical care and necessary social services... Everyone has the right to education. Universal Declaration of Human Rights

56. What caused this?

57. Trade Third world countries lose out through unfair trade agreements, lack of technology and investment, and rapidly changing prices for their goods.

58. Better communications and transport have led to a “globalized” economy. Companies look for low-cost countries to invest in. This can mean that, though there are jobs, they are low-paid.

59. When a country is at war (including civil war) basic services like education are disrupted. People leave their homes as refugees. Crops are destroyed.

60. Third world countries have to pay interest on their debts. This means they cannot afford to spend enough on basic services like health and education; nor on things like transport or communications that might attract investment.

61.  If you have land you can grow your own food.  But many people in the Third World have had their land taken over by large businesses, often to grow crops for export.

62.  Affordable or free health care is necessary for development.  In poor countries the percentage of children who die under the age of five is much higher than in rich countries.  HIV/AIDS is having a devastating effect on the Third World.

63. HIV is now the single greatest threat to future economic development in Africa. AIDS kills adults in the prime of their working and parenting lives, decimates the work force, fractures and impoverishes families, orphans millions... · Callisto Madavo, vice-president of the World Bank, Africa region 1999

64. Affordable, secure food supplies are vital. Malnutrition causes severe health problems, and can also affect education. Without education it is difficult to escape from poverty. This becomes a vicious circle – people who live in poverty cannot afford to send their children to school.

65. When we measure poverty we find differences between the level experienced by men or boys, and women or girls. Women may be disadvantaged through lack of access to education; in some countries they are not allowed to own or inherit land; they are less well paid than men.

66.  United Nations Statistics…  A child born in an industrialised country will add more to pollution over his or her lifetime than 30-50 children born in the Third World.  However, the third world child is likely to experience the consequences of pollution in a much more devastating way.  For example, annual carbon dioxide emissions have quadrupled in the last 50 years. This contributes to global warming, leading to devastating changes in weather patterns. As a result, Bangladesh could lose up to 17% of its land area as water levels rise.

67. Not a lot…

68. Aid Access to basic services for everyone would cost approximately $US40 billion more per year than is spent now. This is 0.1% of world income. World military spending is $US780 billion per year. US$50 billion is spent on cigarettes in Europe every year. Fair trade Fair trade guarantees higher, more stable prices for third world producers. Look out for products with a Fairtrade Mark.

69. Before you finish eating breakfast in the morning, you’ve depended on more than half the world. – Martin Luther King

70.  Fair Trade is a trading partnership, based on dialogue, transparency and respect, that seeks greater equity in international trade.  It contributes to sustainable development by offering better trading conditions to, and securing the rights of, marginalized producers and workers – especially in the South.  Fair Trade Organizations (backed by consumers) are actively engaged in supporting producers, in awareness raising and in campaigning for changes in the rules and practices of conventional international trade

72.  Providing workers in developing countries with a fair wage on which they can feed, educate and medically provide for themselves and their children.

73.  You can buy many products Fair Trade:  coffee  clothes  wine  bananas  chocolate

74.  Direct purchasing from producers  Transparent and long term trading relationships  Agreed minimum prices  Focus on development and technical assistance via the payment to suppliers of an agreed social premium

75.  “Fair er Trade” WTO negotiations e.g. Legislative barriers, Technical barriers, Liberalization…etc.  “Ethical Trade” Conditions and rights of Labor, typically associated with manufacturing in the developing world.  “Fair Trade” Confronting the disempowered position of the producer that is a consequence of market imperfections.

76.  Producing organizations (co-operatives of small farmers)  Buying organizations (different business models, some for profit, some non-profit)  Outlet organizations (In practice some retailers import directly from the producers)  Labelling/Umbrella organizations: The certifiers and the standard setters

77.  Market share is small, but growth in the sector is strong.  In terms of total global trade, fair trade products account for only about 0.01%.  Approximately two-thirds of fair trade’s value is accredited to Europe.  Total gross sales of fair trade products to North America amounted to about $358.91 million in 2004,a 30% increase compared to 2003.

78. Coffee accounts for approximately 30% of all Fair Trade sales in Europe and North America  Belgium 1.70%  Denmark 3.40%  Finland 0.40%  France 0.40%  Germany 1.10%  Italy 0.30%  Holland 2.90%

79.  Within the Fair Trade movement itself it is acknowledged that the definition of a “fair price” is problematic.  Fair Trade Base price = Cost of production + cost of living + cost of complying with Fair Trade standards  Costs of production and costs of living are determined at the country specific level

80.  Incentives are distorted by setting minimum prices.  “Temporary crutch”–prolongs economic dependence of producers by reliance on a niche market of socially-conscious consumers.  Some consumer surveys suggest limited willingness to pay a premium for “causes”.  Gives certain groups advantages over others (is not a universally accessible scheme).  Specialty producers are most likely to participate but are least affected by low commodity prices.

81.  A truly significant effect on producers requires much broader efforts.  Inefficient means of transferring income from consumer to producer; a direct transfer would economically be more efficient.  Probably does not reduce price volatility, as producers are uncertain how much Fair Trade Product can be sold at the Fair Trade price.  More market-friendly options exist (such as promoting products in home markets, making market information more accessible to producers, moving into higher-value product Markets).

82.  There is no shortage of feel good stories: Farmer X in country Y is very happy with fair trade for reason Z  What is achievable? 1.To quantitatively isolate the fair trade component of impact. 2.To control for different products within different co-operatives and if performance varies between different traders and different labeling organizations. 3.To investigate the supply chain and try to offer an understanding of what constitutes ‘unfair’.