1. The New Russia & Independent Republics Chapter 9

2. From Communism to Free Enterprise Chapter 9 Section 1

3. Prelude: Becoming a Free Market Economy After the collapse of Communism, Russia moved toward a free market economy Free Market Economy: People, rather than government, decide what goods and services to produce, how to produce, & who will buy them

4. I. Russia’s Economic Regions A.Moscow 1.Political & cultural center 2.Shift from heavy to light industry (ex. Clothing, electronics) B.Port Cities: **Most important Northwestern ports are Kaliningrad & St. Petersburg –Kaliningrad-only port in the Baltic Sea that stays ice-free year-round

5. C. Siberia 1.Largest mineral supply in Russia 2.Hard to tap into resources because of harsh climate D. Volga River/Urals 1.Volga carries almost ½ of Russia’s river traffic 2.Russia’s most productive farmland 3.Ural Mountains rich in minerals

6. II. Environmental Issues Although Russians are moving toward a free market economy, they must balance making profit with protecting the environment –Nuclear Power Plants are in decay; leads to nuclear waste –Air Pollution from factories led to lower life expectancy –Water Pollution from poor sewer system, chemical weapons plants (from Cold War) & other sources

7. Russia’s People & Culture Chapter 9 Section 2

8. I. Politics A.Russia is a democracy –Democracy: people elect their leaders B.Russia is a federal republic –Federal Republic: power divided between national & state government with president C.Democracy is dramatically different from Communism: 1.Leaders must follow same laws as regular people 2.Leaders must accept criticism from people

9. II. Ethnic Challenges A.Majority Group: Russians, descendants of Slavs, are largest group B.Minority Group: 100 ethnic groups C.*Majority group controls more wealth & power.

10. Republics of the Caucasus

11. Chechnya, has experienced fighting over the years because the Chechen people want to form their own country.

12. III. Daily Life A.Urban (city areas) are large & modern B.Development of suburbs as people move outside city limits C.70% of population is Russian Orthodox –Other religions: Muslims, Roman Catholic, etc.

13. The leader of the Russian Orthodox Church is the Patriarch.

14. IV. Russian Literature & Music A.Stories passed down orally: skazki B.War & Peace by Leo Tolstoy describes Russia’s defeat of Napoleon Bonaparte & France C.Peter Tchaikovsky composed The Nutcracker ballet & 1812 Overture which also describes Russia’s defeat of France

15. The Hermitage Museum, built by Catherine the Great, holds art work from around the world.

16. The Republics Emerge Chapter 9 Section 3

17. I. Geography A.Located south of Russia B.Republics of Central Asia 1.East of Caspian Sea 2.Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan C.Republics of the Caucasus 1.Located between Caspian Sea and Black Sea 2.Azerbaijan, Armenia, Georgia

18. Republics of the Caucasus

19. II. Republics of the Caucasus A. Armenia 1.First country to make Christianity official religion (ca. 300 AD) 2.Capital, Yerevan, is one of world’s oldest (founded in 782 BC) 3.Armenia was controlled by many different nations, including the Ottoman Empire, who limited their freedoms & mistreated their people. During WWI, millions were deported by the OE, where historians estimate 600,000- 1 million Christian Armenians died of starvation. *This was the first genocide of the 20 th century, though the Turks deny that it ever happened.

21. B. Azerbaijan 1.Split by Armenia 2.Majority are Muslims, which has caused conflicts with Armenian Christians 3.Authoritarian government is corrupt

22. C. Georgia 1.Known for resorts located along the Black Sea 2.Has had conflicts with Russia after gaining independence because Russia has recognized claims of independence (as of 2008) of two regions below

23. Resorts in Georgia along coast of Black Sea

24. Central Asian Republics

25. III. Central Asian Republics Central Asian Republics have become of interest to the rest of the world because of their vast natural resources Known for limiting citizens’ basic freedoms & violations of human rights are common All five countries are Muslim

26. A.Kazakhstan 1.Largest of the former Soviet republics 2.Large amounts of natural resources & most stable of all republics B.Uzbekistan 1.Most live in fertile valleys & oases 2.One of world’s largest cotton producers (child labor used to harvest in many places) C.Turkmenistan –Large reserves of natural gas

27. D. Kyrgyzstan: Kyrgyz 64.9%, Uzbek 13.8%, Russian 12.5%, Dungan 1.1%, Ukrainian 1%, Uighur 1%, other 5.7% (1999 census) Languages:Languages Kyrgyz (official) 64.7%, Uzbek 13.6%, Russian (official) 12.5%, Dungun 1%, other 8.2% (1999 census) Religions:Religions Muslim 75%, Russian Orthodox 20%, other 5% Population:Population 5,496,737 (July 2012 est.) Info from www.cia.gov

28. E. Tajikistan Tajik 79.9%, Uzbek 15.3%, Russian 1.1%, Kyrgyz 1.1%, other 2.6% (2000 census) Languages:Languages Tajik (official), Russian widely used in government and business Religions:Religions Sunni Muslim 85%, Shia Muslim 5%, other 10% (2003 est.) Info from www.cia.gov