1. Nuclear Chemistry By: Giovanni Nunez Daniel Nemariam Andrew Wang
Njweng Yangni
Zainil Kadiwal

2. Daniel Nemariam
Introduction
Nuclear Medicine is the used of using radiation to fight and cure diseases.
Nuclear medicine has made many advancement in nuclear energy. The main one is the ability to fight cancer really well.

3. Giovanni Nuñez
Nuclear Medicine
Nuclear Medicine is the branch of medicine that uses nuclear properties for diagnosis and therapy. In other words take images of the body and treat disease.
Nuclear Medicine is the branch of medicine that uses nuclear properties for diagnosis and therapy. In other words take images of the body to see inside the body and treat disease.

4. Timeline of events that lead to modern Nuclear Medicine
Giovanni Nuñez
Timeline of events that lead to modern Nuclear Medicine
Henri Becquerel ( ) French Physicist discovered radioactivity in 1896\
Wilhelm Röentgen ( ) German physicist who discovered X-rays in 1895.
Pierre Curie ( )French physicist who, along with his wife Marie Sklodowska Curie, isolated polonium and radium in 1898.
Henri Becquerel is the French physicist that discovered radiation, The German Physicist Roentgen discovered x rays.

5. Time line continued Revigorator
Giovanni Nuñez
Time line continued
Revigorator
After its discovery by Marie and Pierre Curie in 1898, radium was considered a "cure-all" until the early 1920s
Marshall Brucer ( ) A "Father of Nuclear Medicine" and first president of the Society of Nuclear Medicine
Hal Anger American inventor of the scintillation scanning camera in 1958
Revigorator was made out of radium it was considered a "cure-all" until the early 1920s
Marshall Brucer is known as the father on nuclear medicine.

6. Giovanni Nuñez
History of the X-Ray
In 1895, Wilhelm Konrad Roentgen a professor of Physics,
He discovered mysterious ray when he put a vacuum tube near a photographic plate.
Theses ray went through skin and muscle but were absorb by bone.
The rays would bounce off a metallic target and the rays could be focus on photographic film.
he concluded that the plates were giving of mysterious rays. These rays went through skin and muscle but were absorbed by bone
Noticed that nearby photographic plate had become foggy
he later observed that when placed near a vacuum tube the chemically coated plate glowed
the rays that go through bounce of a metallic target and thus the rays could now be focused on photographic film

7. Future of Nuclear Medicine
Giovanni Nuñez
Future of Nuclear Medicine
The Future of Nuclear Medicine
In the near future development of radiopharmaceuticals, or nuclear medicine, will be used to detect cancer and create genetically engineered antibodies to fight of cancer.
New medicine are being develop and fight cancer better and maybe even destroy cancer for good

8. History of Nuclear Medicine
Daniel Nemariam
History of Nuclear Medicine
The beginning of Nuclear Medicine in 1902 by Pierre Curie and his wife Marie Sklodowska Curie.
They discovered a substance that gave off more radio activity than others.
This substance was made of 2 elements radium and polonium.
                               
The Curie discovered radiation when experimenting in France
They used combinations on elements to find this discovery
First to discover radium

9. Daniel Nemariam
History
When the curies discovered radium it was said that is was the beginning of the nuclear age
Irene Joliot-Curie the daughter of Pierre and Marie create artificial radiation
First to isolate radium and polonium
Used aluminum and combine it with radiation and it gave of radiations even when it stop receiving for the object

10. Daniel Nemariam
History
Back then the curie didn’t now the effect of too much radiation.
Too much handling of radiation caused scaring on Marie curie hands.
The effect of radiation brought the cancerous disease leukemia and Maria and Irene died before the age of 70
The father died when he was run over by a horse and chariot and crush his skull people didn’t know is radiation weaken his skull
The radiation cause harmful effect to the curie but it open new doors in medicine
Marie curie won 2 Nobel prize and was the first women to win the Nobel prize.

11. Andrew Wang
Radiology
Is the field of diagnosing and treating disease and injury by using medical imaging techniques.
Some of the equipment used are x-rays, computed topography, magnetic
resonance imaging ultrasound, etc. (the list goes on and on)

12. Radiology a person who studies this field is called a radiologist
Andrew Wang
Radiology
you must first go though 4 years of medical education in radiation
safety/protection,
radiation effects on the human body,
appropriate performance and interpretation of duality radiological
medical imaging examinations
1 to 2 years of specialized training in a particular subspecialty of radiology is beneficial
a person who studies this field is called a radiologist
some extra but helpful things to do in accord Nance with the above list is 1 to 2 years of specialized training in a particular subspecialty of radiology
breast imaging, cardiovascular radiology, nuclear medicine, etc)(this list also goes on and on)

13. What is radiation therapy?
Internal radiation or Brach therapy- radioactive substances placed within the tumor beside (carcinogens) to kill the cancer cells   
*patients usually stay in the hospital for about a day   
* permanent or temporary   
What is radiation therapy? -treats cancer
kill cancer cells , shrink tumors
2 types 
*External beam radiation- regular X-rays
In high doses, Radiation therapy can kill cancer cells and shrink tumors.
  Facts   *1-5 min. of treatment
   * 60% of cancer patients get this treatment  
* 4-5 times a wk. over a 5-6 week period   
* can be used to relieve them of symptoms
Internal radiation or Brach therapy- radioactive substances placed within the tumor or beside (carcinogens) to kill the cancer cells 
   *patients usually stay in the hospital for about a day 
   * permanent or temporary implants
within the tumor, within a body cavity (intra cavitary)   
* within the cancerous cell (interstitial)
Njweng Yangni

14. Radiation therapy Advantage Kills cancer cells
Andrew Wang
Radiation therapy
Advantage
Kills cancer cells
The amount of radiation that a patient gets is determine by the doctor.
Disadvantage
Hair loss
Rash
Vomiting
Nausea
diarrhea
2. small dose-depends on the doctor (I wasn't able to find the exact number) 
3. advantages: kills cancer cell disadvantages: side effects- hair loss, rash, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea 
5. alkalating/cross-linking agents,antibiotics, ant metabolites/inhibitors,hormones, and cytokines (I wasn't able to find 6 chemicals so we'll have to settle for five, which is all I could find)

15. what is chemotherapy? -use of drugs to kill cancer cells
How does chemotherapy work?             
the drugs interfere with the cancer cells ability to divide
 What is the difference between radiation and chemo? 
 chemo: chemical agents;medical oncologist    
-radiation:; radiation oncologist
-use of drugs to kill cancer cells
How does chemotherapy work?             
the drugs interfere with the cancer cells ability to divide through the blood stream or to a specific area  specifically for things that cannot be targeted by radiation combative to your type of cancer and the extent
Specifically...       - prevents copying of cellular components       - Replaces the nutrients        - programs them to self-destruct What is the difference between radiation and chemo?     -chemo: chemical agents; medical oncologist     -radiation: highly localized; radiation oncologist
Njweng Yangni

16. Chemicals Some of the Chemical used are
Andrew Wang
Chemicals
Some of the Chemical used are
alkalizing/cross-linking agents,
antibiotics, ant metabolites/inhibitors,
hormones,
cytokines
5. alkalating/cross-linking agents,antibiotics, ant metabolites/inhibitors,hormones, and cytokines (I wasn't able to find 6 chemicals so we'll have to settle for five, which is all I could find)

17. How do X-rays work? Goes through nonmetallic materials
Smash of concentrated beam of electrons and a metal plate.
The result: x-rays
X-rays secondary plate to prevent the scattering of electrons- shows parts that contain metals ,growths, bone and mineral deposits-foreign objects 
contrast agents shows veins and arteries 
goes through nonmetallic materials 
-smash of concentrated beam of electrons and a metal plate.
-the result: x-rays or High energy electromagnetic rad.
X-rays secondary plate to prevent the scattering of electrons- shows parts that contain metals such as growths,
Penetrates through bone and mineral deposits-foreign objects 
contrast agents shows veins and arteries 
Njweng Yangni

18. MRI MRI stands for Magnetic resonance imaging
MR imaging uses a powerful magnetic field, radio waves and a computer to produce detailed pictures of organs, soft tissues, bone and virtually all other internal body structures.
The scanners used in medicine have a typical magnetic field strength of 0.2 to 3 teslas. Construction costs approximately 1 million per Tesla and maintenance an additional several hundred thousand dollars per year.
Magnetic resonance imaging was developed from knowledge gained in the study of nuclear magnetic resonance. In its early years MRI was referred to as nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (NMRI),
Zainil Kadiwal

19. CAT Stands for Computed Tomography
CT imaging uses special x-ray equipment to produce multiple images or pictures of the inside of the body
The CT scanner is typically a large machine with a hole, or tunnel, in the center
A major advantage of CT is that it is able to image bone, soft tissue and blood vessels all at the same time.
CT scanning—sometimes called CAT scanning—is a noninvasive, painless medical test that helps physicians diagnose and treat medical conditions.
CT imaging uses special x-ray equipment to produce multiple images or pictures of the inside of the body and a computer to join them together in cross-sectional views of the area being studied
Zainil Kadiwal

20. PET Stands for Positron Emission Tomography
PET scans are used most often to detect cancer and to examine the effects of cancer therapy.
The radioactive may expose radiation to the fetus in patients who are pregnant.
PET scans are used most often to detect cancer and to examine the effects of cancer therapy by characterizing biochemical changes in the cancer. These scans can be performed on the whole body
Within this machine are multiple rings of detectors that record the emission of energy from the radioactive substance in your body and permit an image of your body to be obtained. While lying on a cushioned examination table, you will be moved into the hole of the machine.
Zainil Kadiwal

21. Difference between PET and CAT scan
CT scans of internal organs, bone, soft tissue and blood vessels provide greater clarity than conventional x-ray exams.
PET scans are used most often to detect cancer
is an X-ray technique that produces images of your internal organs that are more detailed than those produced by conventional X-ray exams.
A conventional X-ray of your abdomen, for example, shows your bones as well as subtle outlines of your liver, stomach, intestines, kidney and spleen. A CT scan, however, reveals these bones and organs as well as your pancreas, adrenal glands, kidneys and blood vessels — all with a higher degree of precision.
Zainil Kadiwal

22. Daniel Nemariam
Summary
Nuclear medicine has made many advances in curing or fighting diseases like cancer.
If technology in the medical field keeps grow soon they will be able to find a cure for cancer.