1. Chapter 10 The Urban World

2. Population and Urbanization o According to sociologists – three urban revolutions have transformed human society 8000-2000 BCE – first time people moved to cities 8000-2000 BCE – first time people moved to cities 1700-1950 – development of modern cities as commerce replaced farming 1700-1950 – development of modern cities as commerce replaced farming Currently – greatest population growth is occurring in cities in developing countries Currently – greatest population growth is occurring in cities in developing countries

3. Population and Urbanization o As of 2008 – half of world’s population lives in urban areas

4. What Makes a City? o Denmark – 250 people o Greece – 10,000 people o US – 2,500 people o Jobs define urban vs. rural, not populations Rural area occupations involve harvesting natural resources Rural area occupations involve harvesting natural resources Urban area occupations involve jobs not connected with natural resources Urban area occupations involve jobs not connected with natural resources

5. Population and Urbanization o Urbanization Process in which people increasingly move from rural areas to densely population cities Process in which people increasingly move from rural areas to densely population cities o People are moving to cities due to decrease in employment opportunities in rural areas Advances of agriculture – fewer farmers support an increased number of people Advances of agriculture – fewer farmers support an increased number of people Land Tenure – many developing countries a few rich people own the land, farmers are denied access Land Tenure – many developing countries a few rich people own the land, farmers are denied access Cities traditionally provide more jobs Cities traditionally provide more jobs

6. Characteristics of Urban Population o Basic characteristics of city populations: Diverse population in terms of race, ethnicity, religion and socioeconomic status Diverse population in terms of race, ethnicity, religion and socioeconomic status Younger population than local rural area Younger population than local rural area More males in developing nation cities More males in developing nation cities More females in developed nation cities More females in developed nation cities

7. Urbanization Trends o Urbanization is increasing rapidly Especially in developing countries Especially in developing countries o 8 of world’s 10 largest cities are in developing countries

8. Urbanization Trends o Almost 400 cities worldwide have a population of at least 1 million 284 are in developing nations 284 are in developing nations o Megacities (population greater than 10 million) also increasing

9. Urbanization Trends o Urban Agglomeration Urbanized core region that consists of several adjunct cities or megacities and their surrounding developed suburbs Urbanized core region that consists of several adjunct cities or megacities and their surrounding developed suburbs United States Urban Agglomerations (Population of 50,000 or above)

10. Urbanization Trends in the US o US – most migration occurred during past 150 years Coincided with increased need for industrial labor and a decreased need for agricultural labor Coincided with increased need for industrial labor and a decreased need for agricultural labor Growth was typically slow enough to allow important city services such as water purification, sewage treatment, education, adequate housing Growth was typically slow enough to allow important city services such as water purification, sewage treatment, education, adequate housing

11. Urbanization Trends in Developing Nations o Faster pace of urban growth has outstripped the limited capacity of many cities to provide basic services Overwhelmed economic growth, although cities offer more job opportunities than in rural areas Overwhelmed economic growth, although cities offer more job opportunities than in rural areas Face more serious problems than cities in developed nations – poverty, exceptionally high unemployment, heavy pollution, inadequate or non-existent water, sewage, and waste disposal Face more serious problems than cities in developed nations – poverty, exceptionally high unemployment, heavy pollution, inadequate or non-existent water, sewage, and waste disposal Strains school, medical, and transportation systems Strains school, medical, and transportation systems

12. Substandard Housing o Typically occupied by squatters Illegally occupy unsafe housing Illegally occupy unsafe housing o No city services Water, sewage, garbage collection, police and fire protection Water, sewage, garbage collection, police and fire protection o 1/3 of urban population in developing countries are squatters o Homelessness is present in lower numbers in developed countries

13. City as an Ecosystem o POET Population Population Number of people Number of people Organization Organization Social structure of city Social structure of city Environment Environment City infrastructure and natural environment City infrastructure and natural environment Technology Technology Human inventions that directly affects the urban environment Human inventions that directly affects the urban environment o Four variables are dependent on each other and interact like parts of a natural ecosystem

14. Land Use- Park City, Utah Full Satellite View of City Undeveloped Open Space Single Family Residential Mixed Use

16. Environmental Problems in Urban Areas o Growing urban areas affect land use patterns Fragment wildlife Fragment wildlife Encroach wetlands, forests, desert, etc. Encroach wetlands, forests, desert, etc. o Brownfields Urban areas of abandoned industrial or residential sites that may be contaminated from past use Urban areas of abandoned industrial or residential sites that may be contaminated from past use o Impermeable surfaces and urban runoff discharged into waterways Motor oil, lawn fertilizers, heavy metals Motor oil, lawn fertilizers, heavy metals

17. Environmental Problems in Urban Areas o Long commutes Traffic congested streets Traffic congested streets Buildup of airborne emissions due to cars and industry Buildup of airborne emissions due to cars and industry o Noise pollution Loud, disagreeable, results in physiological/psychological harm Loud, disagreeable, results in physiological/psychological harm o Urban heat island Local heat buildup in an area of high population density Local heat buildup in an area of high population density Affect local air currents and weather conditions Affect local air currents and weather conditions Contribute to buildup of pollutants- dust domes Contribute to buildup of pollutants- dust domes

18. Urban Heat Island Temperature variations on a summer afternoon

20. Environmental Benefits of Urbanization o Well-planned city can benefit the environment Reduces pollution Reduces pollution Preserves rural areas Preserves rural areas o Compact Development Design of cities where residential buildings are close to shopping, jobs and public transportation Design of cities where residential buildings are close to shopping, jobs and public transportation

21. Portland, Oregon o Population has grown from 0.9 million in 1975 to 1.8 million in 2005 o Urbanized area only increased 2% Used brownfields for development sites Used brownfields for development sites o Car is still primary means of transportation Light-rail lines Light-rail lines Bus routes (many have buses every 15 minutes) Bus routes (many have buses every 15 minutes) Walkways Walkways

22. Chicago, Illinois o Population grew 22% o Urbanized area grew 50% due to sprawl

23. Urban Land Use Planning o Land use based on economic concerns Taxes pay for city’s infrastructure Taxes pay for city’s infrastructure o From center of city outwards: City center- Central Business District (highest taxes) City center- Central Business District (highest taxes) Residential properties (lower taxes than city center) Residential properties (lower taxes than city center) Land intensive businesses (even lower taxes) Land intensive businesses (even lower taxes) Suburbs (lowest taxes) Suburbs (lowest taxes) o Parks and green space are interspersed

24. Urban Land Use Planning o High taxes near central business district mean that only more affluent people can afford to live in cities Most cities in North America: Most cities in North America: Poor neighborhoods with few housing options Poor neighborhoods with few housing options Little or no green space Little or no green space Inferior schools Inferior schools Fewer public services Fewer public services

25. Urban Land Use Planning o As cities became more industrialized, more affluent citizens fled to suburbs Avoid noise and pollution Avoid noise and pollution Leave poor in inner cities Leave poor in inner cities o Poor cannot afford to pay high taxes, also cannot afford high transportation costs High density housing – tax burden shared with many families High density housing – tax burden shared with many families

26. Gentrification o Movement of wealthier people back to older, run-down homes that have been renovated o Sometimes displacing the urban poor who can no longer afford to live in the neighborhood

27. Urban Land Use Planning o Land Use Planning Process of deciding the best use for undeveloped land in a given area Process of deciding the best use for undeveloped land in a given area o Influenced by political and economic factors o Regulated through zoning Cities divided into use zones Cities divided into use zones Commercial Commercial Residential Residential Industrial Industrial Property owners must meet zoning ordinances Property owners must meet zoning ordinances

28. Transportation and Urban Development o Transportation availability affects city’s spatial structure o Ex: An east coast US city (a) 1700-1850 (a) 1700-1850 (b) 1850-1910 (b) 1850-1910 (c) 20 th century (c) 20 th century

29. Suburbs o Prior to World War II Jobs and homes were centered in cities Jobs and homes were centered in cities o 1940s and 1950s Jobs and homes began to move from urban centers Jobs and homes began to move from urban centers

30. Suburban Sprawl o Suburban Sprawl Patchwork of vacant and developed tracts around the edges of cities Patchwork of vacant and developed tracts around the edges of cities o Problems Loss of wetlands Loss of wetlands Air pollution Air pollution Water pollution Water pollution Loss of biological habitat Loss of biological habitat o 11 states now have new growth management laws (Smart Growth) new growth management laws (Smart Growth)

32. Smart Growth o Urban planning and transportation strategy o Mixes land uses Commercial Commercial Manufacturing Manufacturing Entertainment Entertainment Range of housing types Range of housing types o Compact development o Communities in which it is easy to walk from one area to another o Preserves open spaces, farmlands, important environmental areas

33. Sustainable Cities o Livable environment o Strong economy o Social and cultural sense of community o Sustainable cities enhance the well-being of current and future generations of urban dwellers

34. Making Cities More Sustainable o Characteristics of a sustainable city Clear, cohesive urban growth policies Clear, cohesive urban growth policies Efficient use of energy and other resources Efficient use of energy and other resources Reduction of pollution and waste Reduction of pollution and waste Reuse and recycle materials in waste stream Reuse and recycle materials in waste stream Large areas of green space Large areas of green space Designed to be people-centers, not car- centered Designed to be people-centers, not car- centered Food grown IN the city (rooftop gardens) Food grown IN the city (rooftop gardens) Compact development Compact development

35. Copenhagen, Denmark A People-centered City

36. Sustainable Cities Case in Point- Curitiba, Brazil o City of more than 2.9 million o Inexpensive, efficient mass transit system Clean, modern buses that run in high-speed bus lanes Clean, modern buses that run in high-speed bus lanes o High density development restricted to areas along bus lines o Since 1975 population has tripled, traffic has declined

37. Sustainable Cities Case in Point- Curitiba, Brazil o First city in Brazil to use low-polluting fuel o Converted flood-prone properties along rivers in the city to a series of interconnected parks crisscrossed by bicycle paths o Garbage Purchase program

38. Sustainable Cities Case in Point- Curitiba, Brazil