1. From World War to Cold War
Aftermath of World War II
75 million people killed
Attrocities came to light
Holocaust-Hitler’s “final solution”-lead to Nuremberg Trials where top Nazi officials were tried for their crimes and received the death penalty.

2. Nuremburg Trials

3. Yalta Conference Feb 1945
Before the end of World War II, Stalin, Churchill and Roosevelt met at Yalta (Russia) to plan what should happen when the war ended. They agreed on many points:

4. 1. The establishment of the United Nations.

5. 2. A Divided Germany
Germany to be divided into four zones.

6. Germany Divided

7. 3. Free Elections?
Free elections allowed in the states of eastern Europe.
Political Cartoon-Palestinian Liberation Organization Elections w/ Yasir Arafat at desk

8. 4. USSR promised to join the war against Japan.

9. What to do with Poland?
Although they could not agree about what should happen to Poland, relations between the leaders were good, and the Conference was a success.
Arch-Krakow
Buildings-warsaw

10. Atrocities of World War II
Human Dislocations
Mass Graves at Bergen-Belsen
Horrors of Holocaust

11. How can the World stop future atrocities?
U.S. believed in the expansion of democracy
Creation of United Nations
1945-delegates from 51 nations met in San Francisco to draft a charter.

12. United Nations
Joaquin Fernandez Y Fernandez, Minister for Foreign Affairs and Chairman of the delegation from Chile, signing the UN Charter at a ceremony held at the Veterans' War Memorial Building in San Francisco on 26 June 1945.
Eleanor Roosevelt with the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1949

13. United Nations
Each member nation had one vote in the General Assembly.
Members could dispute issues.
Security Council was given greater power.
Consisted of 5 permanent members- U.S.A., Soviet Union, France, Britain, and China
5 perms have the right to veto any council decision.
5 perms are expected to ensure peace
Takes on other World problems.
Prevention of disease.
Improving education.
Aiding nations in developing economically.
World Health Organization.
Food and Agricultural Organization

14. United Nations

15. United Nations

16. The Cold War 1945-1990 US vs Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

17. Define Cold War
The strategic and political struggle that developed after WWII between the United States and it’s Western European allies and the Soviet Union and Eastern European allies

18. Discussion/Recall Communism vs Democracy Socialism vs Capitalism
Communism-form of socialism, advocated by Karl Max, class struggle was inevitable and would lead to the creation of a classless society in which all wealth and property would be owned by the community as a whole.
Democracy-a government ruled by the people or by people who represent them.
Socialism-An economic system based on government ownership of industry and the abolition of private profits. (They make the Money)
Capitalism- An economic system based on free enterprise and private profit. (You make the Money.)

19. Cold War Characterisitcs
It was a struggle that contained everything short of war.
Each side denied the others right to exist.
Each side used propaganda against the other.

20. Causes of the Cold War Different political systems
-US is based on democracy, capitalism and freedom
-USSR is based on dictatorship, communism and control
Debate-> Who’s #1
Distrust
Stalin despised capitalism

21. Stalin

22. Causes of Cold War Stalin broke promise Red Scare
USSR’s fear of the atomic bomb
USSR’s actions in their German zone
USSR’s goal to spread communism around the world
Mutual Distrust
Stalin broke his promise to allow free elections at Yalta Conference
Americans fear a communist attack-Communists fear US attack.
Distrust deepened Cold War

23. Post WWII/Cold War Goals for US
Open Markets
Democracy
Stop the spread of communism
Promote open markets for US goods to prevent another depression.
Promote democracy throughout the world, especially in Asia and Africa.
Stop Spread of Communism

24. Post WWII/Cold War Goals for the USSR
Greater Security
- population
-feared Germany
Establish borders
Encourage friendly governments on it’s borders
Spread communism around the world
Wanted to create greater security for itself
-lost tens of millions of people in WWII and Stalin’s purges
-feared a strong Germany
Establish defensible borders
Encourage friendly governments on it’s borders
Spread communism around the world

25. Potsdam Conference July 1945
PM Clement Atlee, Truman, Stalin
Roosevelt is dead and President Truman has different ideas.
Truman demanded immediate free elections throughout eastern Europe.
Stalin said NO, free elections would be anit-soviet.

26. Reaction to Potsdam Conference
Truman cut off all aid to the USSR.
Churchill gives “iron curtain” speech (March 1946 in Fulton, Missouri.
Truman Doctrine- March 1947

27. Winston Churchill “Iron Curtain” Speech
“From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic an iron curtain has descended across the Continent. Behind that line lie all the capitals of the ancient states of Central and Eastern Europe. Warsaw, Berlin, Prague, Vienna, Budapest, Belgrade, Bucharest and Sofia, all these famous cities and the populations around them lie in what I must call the Soviet sphere, and all are subject in one form or another, not only to Soviet influence but to a very high and, in some cases, increasing measure of control from Moscow. Athens alone -- Greece with its immortal glories -- is free to decide its future at an election under British, American and French observation. The Russian-dominated Polish Government has been encouraged to make enormous and wrongful inroads upon Germany, and mass expulsions of millions of Germans on a scale grievous and undreamed-of are now taking place. The Communist parties, which were very small in all these Eastern States of Europe, have been raised to pre-eminence and power far beyond their numbers and are seeking everywhere to obtain totalitarian control. Police governments are prevailing in nearly every case, and so far, except in Czechoslovakia, there is no true democracy.”

28. Truman Doctrine
In 1947 the British were helping the Greek government fight against communist guerrillas.
They appealed to America for aid, and the response was the Truman Doctrine.
America promised it would support free countries to help fight communism.
Greece received large amounts of arms and supplies, and by 1949 had defeated the communists.
The Truman Doctrine was significant because it showed that America, the most powerful western country, was prepared to resist the spread of communism throughout the world.

29. Marshall Plan
In 1947, US Secretary of State Marshall announced the Marshall Plan.
This was a massive economic aid plan for Europe to help it recover from the damage caused by the war.
There were two motives for this:
Helping Europe to recover economically would provide markets for American goods, so benefiting American industry.
A prosperous Europe would be better able to resist the spread of communism. This was probably the main motive.

30. The Berlin Crisis- (June 1948-May 1949)

31. NATO

32. In 1948, the three western controlled zones of Germany's(US,France, UK) were united, and grew in prosperity due to Marshal Aid.
The west wanted the east to rejoin, but Stalin feared it would hurt Soviet security.
In June 1948, Stalin decided to try to gain control of West Berlin which was deep inside the eastern sector.
He cut road, rail and canal links with West Berlin, hoping to starve it into submission.
The west responded by airlifting in the necessary supplies to allow west Berlin to survive.
In May 1949, Russia admitted defeat and lifted the blockade.

33. NATO
In 1949 the western nations formed the North Atlantic Treaty Organization to co-ordinate their defense against Russia.
It consisted of: -America, Canada, Britain, France, Holland, Belgium Luxembourg, Portugal, Denmark, Norway and Italy
Still around today

34. Arms Race Is On 1949 Discuss massive retaliation and mutual deterrence
Balance of Power becomes Balance of Terror.
Propaganda War also begins.

35. USSR’s First Atomic Test

36. Stalin Dies-1953

37. Nikita Khrushchev Takes Over
Talks of peaceful co-existence and de-stalinization.

38. US Test Hydrogen Bomb-1952
1000 times more powerful than the Hiroshima atomic bomb
Set off on Bikini Island in the Marshall Islands

39. NATO vs. Warsaw Pact

40. Warsaw Pact 1955- Soviet Union created its own military alliance.
Included U.S.S.R. and seven other satellite states in Eastern Europe.

41. Space Race
Science and technology played a competitive role in the Cold War also.
1957- Soviet Union launched Sputnik.
U.S. Establishes NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration
1961-U.S. launches its own satellite.
1961-Soviets sent first man to space.
1969-U.S. put the first man on the moon.

42. USSR Launches Sputnik

43. Yuri Gagarin

45. East and West Germany

46. Berlin Wall-1961

47. Berlin Wall: August 13, 1961 96 miles 11.8 ft tall

48. Brandenberg Gate and Checkpoint Charlie

49. Conflicts Around the World
U.S. and Soviet Union clashed through surrogate states. (representative).
Conflicts occurred in East Asia, the Middle East, Africa, and Latin America

50. Asia 1945-PRESENT TIME

51. India

52. Caste System

53. Independence and Conflict
Controlled by Britain until 1947
Indian Nationalism grows
Gandhi
Indian national Congress
Religious Conflict and Partition
Hindus
Muslims
Sikhs
Christians
Buddhists

54. Violence After Partition
Muhammad Ali Jinnah (1940)
Muslim League
Partition
Pakistan
Jawaharlal Nehru
India’s 1st Prime Minister
Violence After Partition
Gandhi killed 1948
millions refugees fled their homes, northern India was plunged into violence as Hindu and Sikh mobs massacred Muslims, while Muslims slaughtered Sikhs and Hindus

55. Kashmir Northern Border of India + Pakistan ½ controlled by other
Conflict still today

56. India After Independence
Nehru> P.M
Emphasized unity, economic + social reforms, democratic ideals, increased legal rights for women, improve lives of poor, prevent discrimination based on caste.
Indira Gandhi>
Nehru’s daughter
Against Sikhs independence movt in Punjab
Golden Temple in Amritsar attacked Sikhs
Assassinated 1984

57. Current PM: Manmohan Sinhg
Rajiv Gandhi –P.M
Indira’s son
Assassinated over Sri Lanka problems
Current PM: Manmohan Sinhg

58. India Today Nuclear Weapons Progress limited 1974 Began testing
India lacks the oil and natural gas needed to fuel economic growth.
Most farmers lack the land the money needed to take full advantage of the Green Revolution.
Population growth has reduced the benefits of increased production.

59. Challenges after Partition
Civil War in Pakistan
West vs. East
Separated by language, religion and culture
Dispute over the border b/c east Pakistan is located 1000 miles away from West Pakistan
Dispute btwn Bengalis (East) and Punjabis (West)
Fighting lasted from
1971 East wanted independence
Received help from India
Becomes Bangladesh

60. Bangladesh
The population of Bangladesh is crowded on a low lying coastal plain that is frequently subject to cyclones, floods and droughts.
One of the poorest places on earth with a per capita GDP $198
Suffers from political instability

61. Instability in Pakistan
Ethnic + Religious Conflict
1999 Perez Musharraf is President
Works with USA to fight al Queda + Taliban
Nuclear Weapons
1998 Began testing

62. Ethnic and Religious Tensions
India vs. Pakistan
(Hindu) (Muslim)
Both have nuclear technology
Both dislike each other
Bombing in Mumbai
Sri Lanka
Independence since 1940s from Britain
Buddhist Sinhalese vs. Hindu Tamil

63. China
MAO ZEDONG
JIANG JEISHI

64. People’s Republic of China
1949 Mao Zedong defeats Guomindang
China under Mao
Improved Economy
Great Leap Forward 1958
Increase agriculture through collectivization + communes = total failure
Cultural Revolution 1966
Rid old ways
Eliminate skilled workers, educators, professionals
Little Red Book-aka. Thoughts of Chairman Mao
Red Guard created to control offender-got carried away and had to be controlled by Mao

65. China after Mao 1972 Zhou Enlai Restored order Joined United Nations
1976 Deng Xiaoping
tried to create a modern China
Four Modernizations – modernize economic areas
Agriculture
Industry
Science
Technology
Chinese began to demand more democratic freedoms
1989 Tiananmen Square Massacre May 13 –June 24
Student Protest of government
June 3 gov’t sent troops and tanks
Killed hundreds

66. China Today Current Leader: Hu Jintao Economy grown rapidly
1.3 billion people
1979 One Child Policy lessening
High demand on natural resources
Pollution in air + water
Lack of Human Rights
Limited free speech
Limited right to practice religion
Strict control over media

67. Korean War 1950-1953 North (Communist) vs. South (Democracy)
North Korea: Dictator Kim IL Sung
Gov’t based on Soviet Model
Attacked south to unite
UN formed military force to defend South
Stalemate
North Korea Today
1994 Kim Jong Il
Expanded military 2006 tested nuclear weapon
Does not like USA

68. Vietnam War-1954-1975 North vs. South
Originally controlled by France
Gave up control after loss to Vietminh
Led by Ho Chi Minh-> Communist
Assisted by China + Soviet Union
1954 France, Vietnam, USA + USSR discussed peace
South Vietnam supported by US
Led by Ngo Dinh Dien = Corrput + brutal
Enemies formed Vietcong (Vietnamese Communists)
US increased aid to S Vietnam
1964 Lyndon Johnson convinced Congress to go to war (Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
1968 Tet Offensive-Vietcong attacks South draws in Laos+ Cambodia
1973 US withdrew
1976 Vietnam united Communist country (recognized by US 1995)
Vietnam today: Communist Nation

69. Cambodia 1953 won independence from France
1975 Khmer Rouge (Communist) gained control
Led by Pol Pot
Established Democratic Kampuchea
Goal: everyone = peasant
Destroy all influences of modern world
Opposition = killed
1.5 million killed out of 7 million
Conflict btwn Vietnam + Khmer Rouge increased
1979 Pol Pot forced from power died 1993
1993 United Nations organized democratic elections

70. Map of South East Asia

71. Pacific Rim

72. Japan After World War II Current Leader: Yukio Hatoyama
American Occupation
Until 1952
Demilitarized
Dismantled armed forces
Democratic Government
New constitution
Emperor- symbol of state
Rebuilding Economy
Trade and Production
Electronics + computer technology
Current Leader: Yukio Hatoyama
Emperor: Akihito

73. Philippines 1946 gained independence from USA 1970s Ferdinand Marcos
Authoritarian dictator
Imposed martial law
Arrested opponents
Stole $$ millions
1980s Benigno Aquino
Opponent
Assassinated
1986 Corozon Aquino elected President
Return to democracy

74. The Middle East Arab States and Israel-1956=Egypt vs. Israel
Iran and Iraq-1950’s -present=oil

75. The Middle East
Arab Independence
Pan-Arabism
Arab Unity

76. Challenges in the Middle East
Israeli-Palestinian relations
Golan heights and Lebanon
Oil and Water
Religion vs. Modernization

77. Turkey
Kemal Ataturk

78. Cyprus
Civil War between Chrisians and Muslims

79. Egypt
Suez Crisis President Nasser of Egypt wanted to build a dam.
U.S. offered to help, but Egypt was friendly with USSR.
Nasser retaliated by nationalizing the Suez canal
Britain, France and Israel invaded Egypt.
The UN called for them to leave-USA agreed-USSR threatened rocket attacks on B&F-they left
Outcome=USSR funded the Aswan Dam

80. Gamal Nasser
Nasser w/ Yassir Arafat both Muslims

81. Aswan Dam and Suez Canal

82. Anwar al-Sadat President of Egypt Assassinated by Islamic fundamentalists for making peace with Israel.

83. Anwar al-Sadat, Jimmy Carter, Menachem Begin
Anwar al-Sadat, Jimmy Carter, Menachem Begin at the Camp David Accords 1978

84. Sadat before the shooting-firing starts and the aftermath

85. Sadat’s Funeral

86. Iran
After WWII, shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi relied on the U.S. to block Soviet influence.
Due to the shah westernizing Iran, Iranians disliked him and overthrew him. But with help from USA, the shah was placed back into power. The Shah continued to westernize modernize Iran with its ecnomy based on oil.

89. Revolution in Iran
1970’s anti-shah forces rallied around Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, a powerful Shiite Muslim leader.
1979-the Shah flees Iran and Khomeini formed a government based on Muslim values.
Iranian hatred towards the Shah was also directed to the USA.
November 4, 1979-militants stormed the American embassy in Tehran and took 52 American hostages.They were not released until January 20,1981.

91. Iran 1980s->Iran vs Iraq fight over borders 1988 seized fighting
1989 Khomeini dies-Iran rebuilds economy.
Current President of Iran
During most of the 1980’s Iran fought with Iraq over border disputes. The US and USSR were involved with aiding the countries Iran and Iraq seized fighting.
1989-Khomeini dies-Iran needs to rebuild their economy.

92. Russia Invades Afghanistan
Iran is promoting “Islamic revolution”
1979-communist Afghanistan fell to Taliban-extremists.
USSR invaded to reinstate the communist government.
Pincer Movement-closing in on Iran to squeeze. Cut off revolution by supplying nearby countries with weapons to fight Iran.

93. Russia Invades Afghanistan

94. President of Afghanistan Hamid Karzai

96. Israel 1947 Palestine still remained under British control.
Arabs wanted Britain to honor a promise of freedom made in the 1900’s.
Zionists wanted their homeland returned to them.
The Holocaust boosted support for the Zionist movement.
Arabs attacked Jewish settlers. (Kibbutzim-collective farms that Jewish settlers lived on in Palestine.
Britain admitted loss of control and handed over Palestine to the UN.
November 29, 1947-UN voted to partition Palestine
May 14, Britain relinquished control of Palestine and proclaimed the new state of Israel.
Within 24 hours Israel was attacked by neighboring countries and the Israeli forces with the help of foreign aid defeated the Arabs.

97. Arab-Israeli Conflict
1964 Palestineans formed Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO)
Six-Day War- June 5, Syria sought to end the Israeli state and became allies with Egypt. Fearing attack, Israel sent their fighter jets and destroyed 17 Egyptian airfields and 300 of their 350 warplanes. They also destroyed air forces in Iraq, Jordan and Syria.
Israel tripled its land holdings, seizing the Sinai peninsula, the Gaza Strip from Egypt and the Golan Heights from Syria. Israel also gained East Jerusalem from Jordan.
Israel occupied the West Bank of the Jordan River. The West bank was land designated to the Palestinians from the UN as part of the partition.
The Palestinians never had self-rule, when Israel got the West Bank they also inherited 1 million Palestinians.

98. Conflict Continues
After 6-day War UN asks Israel to pull out of occupied territories and Arab countries to recognize Israel’s right to exist-> both sides refused.
1969-Yasir Arafat takes control of PLO
1970-Anwar el-Sadat becomes president of Egypt.
October 6, Egypt and Syria launch an attack on Israel on the Jewish holy day Yom Kippur and during the Muslim holy month of Ramadon.
1974 UN negotiated a cease-fire agreement.-disengagement (military withdrawal).

99. Conflict in the Middle East
U.S.A. supported Israel during this conflict which angered Arab countries.
Arab countries imposed an embargo on oil sales to Israel’s allies in 1973.
Additional pressure came from the Oraganization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)-quadrupling the price of oil.
1977-Egypt’s President Sadat accepted an invitation to visit Israel-1st Arab leader to step in peace on Israeli soil.
1978- Sadat met with Prime Minister Menachem Begin of Israel and President Jimmy Carter (USA) in Maryland at Camp David.

100. Golda Meier: Prime Minister of Israel, Known as Iron Lady
Golda Meier: Prime Minister of Israel, Known as Iron Lady. Served from

101. 1972: Munich Olympics
The Munich Massacre occurred during the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, West Germany, when members of the Israeli Olympic team were taken hostage and eventually murdered by Black September, a militant group with ties to Yasser Arafat’s Fatah organization.
Members of the 1972 Israeli Olympic team, photographed just before their departure for Munich. The 11 team members taken hostage and subsequently murdered were: 1) wrestling referee Yossef Gutfreund (inset), age 40; 2) wrestling coach Moshe Weinberg, 33; 3) weightlifter Yossef Romano, 31; 4) weightlifter David Berger, 28; 5) weightlifter Ze'ev Friedman, 28; 6) wrestler Eliezer Halfin, 24; 7) track coach Amitzur Shapira, 40; 8) shooting coach Kehat Shorr, 53; 9) wrestler Mark Slavin, 18; 10) fencing coach Andre Spitzer, 27; and 11) weightlifting judge Yakov Springer
Image of Arab terrorist Afif Ahmed Hamid looking over the balcony of the Israeli team quarters. This is the most widely recognizable and iconic photo of the event.[1][2]

102. Camp David-Carter, Sadat & Begin met for 12 days to discuss peace=Camp David Accords.
1979 March-Egypt recognized Israel’s right to exist. Israel gave up the Sinai peninsula.
1981-Muslim extremists assassinated Sadat because he threatened Arab Unity.
The Palestinian Issue-> PLO is considered a terrorist group because of constant hijackings and bombings in Israel and foreign countries.
Why? Palestinians were treated poorly and wanted freedom.

103. Palestinian Issue
1987-intifada-uprising against Israelis from the Gaza Strip to West Bank.
1991 -peace process begins
1992-agreed to exchange some land for security guarantees and to accept self-rule by the Palestinians.
1993-Israel and PLO recognized each other and agreed to eventual self-rule for the Palestinians and Gaza Strip and Israel would withdraw military from both sides.
1994-Israel and Jordan sign a peace treaty.
Turmoil continued and still does over borders and broken treaties.

104. Yasir Arafat President of the Palestine National Authority and Chairman of the Palestinian Liberation Organization. Considered by many to be a terrorist, he has in recent years been accepted as the legitimate authority for the Palestinians.

105. President of Palestine Mahmoud Abbas

106. Moshe Katsav: President of Israel

107. Lebanon President Michel Sulayman
After independence of Israel, a lot of Palestinians moved into Lebanon-created a Muslim majority.
1975 civil war began

108. How did Iraq become Iraq?
Iraq is also a colonial legacy.
British mapmaking created Iraq.
Within its borders there are various ethnic groups.
Kurds -are Sunni Muslims
Shiite Muslims

109. Persian Gulf War
August 1990-Iraq is debt. President Saddam Hussein sent forces into Kuwait trying to reclaim it as their own. Saudi Arabia asked USA for help. UN asked for an embargo in Iraq, but Iraq would not leave.
1991-Persian Gulf War begins. USA rains missles on Bagdhad from various areas in the Middles East. Iraqi forces set fire to Kuwaiti oil fields and continued to move in-but forces were able to stop the Iraqi’s and Iraq was defeated.
After the war Hussein successfully crushed Kurdish and Shiite rebels. World public opinion condemned Hussein’s treatment of his people.

110. Iraq President Jalal Talabani

111. LATIN AMERICA Unrest In L A= Social inequality Poverty
Rapid urbanization
Ideologies compete
Expanding agriculture
Struggles of individuals all led to CHANGE

112. Latin America Common Heritage + Culture Spanish of Portuguese
Class hierarchy influence most lives
Democracy has a troubled history
Economic development has had mixed success
Religion plays a significant role in politics
Role of Women has remained unchanged

113. Mexico After WWII, Mexico was the most stable.
1970’s Mexico faced economic hardship. Owing foreign powers millions of dollars.
1985-devastating earthquake hit the capital Mexico City causing billions of dollars in damage.
Relations with USA worsened over drug smuggling and illegal immigration.

114. Mexico
1988-Mexican President Carlos Salinas de Gortari sought to create jobs for Mexicans by attracting more foreign aid.
1993-> NAFTA-North America Free Trade Agreement was created.
Committed Mexico, USA, and Canada to removing trade barriers among the three countries.
During the 1990’s Mexico’s government allowed other parties to be part of the political process.
Major problem with USA-> immigration laws.

115. President of Mexico Felipe De Jesus Calderon Hinojosa

116. CUBA Cuba-1898 gained independence from Spain.
1952-Fulgencio Batista gained power-repressive and corrupt.
1959-Fidel Castro with guerrilla army gained control and established a communists dictatorship.

117. Fidel Castro Overthrows Batista

118. Bay of Pigs

119. Bay of Pigs

120. Bay of Pigs
What was it?
April 1961 the U.S. tried to overthrow Castro. 1,500 anti-Castro exiles trained by the CIA landed in Cuba at the Bay of Pigs. They tried to rally a revolution. At the last minute President Kennedy barred open American military support.
What were the results?
The revolt failed and the Cuban Missile Crisis brought the world to the brink of nuclear war. Soviet leader Krushchev installed nuclear missiles on Cuba and Kennedy ordered 200 warships to blockade Cuba and stop shipments from USSR. American forces were on full alert. After 4 days, negotiations ended the crisis. US imposed an economic embargo on Cuba.
Cuba and the US are still opponents.

121. Range of Soviet Missiles Launched From Cuba

122. Raul Castro

123. Iran Contra-> Nicaragua
Nicaragua-> Iran-Contra scandal 1987
1980’s Civil war breaks out. Nic gov’t received aid(military) from Cuba and USSR. The USA supported the rebels aka sandinistas.
1985 Congress banned military aid to the contras fearing another Vietnam, but members of President Reagan’s staff continued to send secret funds.
Where does Iran come in? Allegedly the US was selling weapons to Iran to get the money to give to the contras.
Daniel oretega supporter of sandinistas

124. President of Nicaragua Daniel Ortega

125. Guatemala
Guatemala has been torn apart by conflict from ethnic and social divisions.
Natives vs Spanish speaking.
Civil War began in 1966 and ended in 1996.
As a result more than 100, 000 people died, 46,000 others were missing and 1 million civilians were refugees

126. Guatemala President Alvaro Colom Caballeros

127. Panama Relatively peaceful after WWII.
Prosperity came from American owned Panama Canal.
1977 President Jimmy Carter and Panamanian President Omar Torrijos signed the Panama Canal treaties. Panama would take control of the Canal on December 31, 1999 and remain open to all ships and the US would have the right to protect the canal’s neutrality.
1988 General Manuel Noriega became president.
His role in drug smuggling increased tensions with the US.
1989 Noriega was seized and brought to Florida, where in 1992 he was tried and convicted of drug smuggling.
Panama is now working to end drug smuggling and attract foreign investors.

128. Manual Noriega

129. Panama Canal

130. President of Panama Martin Torrijos Espino

131. South America Argentina-Peron (Juan + Eva) 1940’s-1970’s dictatorship.
1989-severe inflation caused depression
1990’s decade of improvement.
Argentina, Brazil, Parguay, and Uruguay formed Mercosur a free trade agreement.
Juan and Eva Peron
Represented the people

132. Che Guevara Argentinian Communist Revolutionary Opposed Peron’s gov’t
Guerrilla leader of revolution helped Mexico, Cuba, and South America
Captured and executed 1967

133. President Argentina Cristina Fernandez de Kirchner

134. Brazil Portuguese speaking country Exported rubber, coffee, timber
Human and natural reasources
“Giant” among L A
Amazon Rain Forest=deforestation

135. President of Brazil Luiz Inacio Da Silva

136. Venezuela 1830-independence from colonial rule
Rule by caudillos until 1958 and start of democracy
1970s OIL is discovered join OPEC
Nationalized oil company
Hugo Chavez takes office 1999
Purchased half of Citco

137. President of Venezuela Hugo Chaves Frias
Influenced by Marxism and Simon Bolivar
Anti American
Lots of oil

138. Chile Chile-strongest traditions of democracy today.
1973-democracy put to end by Augusto Pinochet-rutheless dictator. Killed or imprisoned 1 in every 100 Chileans-lost power in 1988.
By 1997, Chile had one of the strongest economies in Latin America.

139. President of Chile Michelle Bachelet

140. President of Colombia Alvaro Uribe Velez

141. President of Bolivia Juan Evo Morales Ayma

142. President of Peru Alan Garcia Perez

143. President of Ecuador Rafael Correa Delgado

144. Africa

145. Africa World War II brought an end to European Colonialism.
Africans desired for freedom.
Colonies gained their freedom through peaceful and violent means.

146. Africa’s Challenges National Unity Pan-Africanism Economic Development
Soaring Population
Famine-Desertification
Literacy
AIDS epidemic
Spread of Disease
Tribal Warfare

147. Independence * = Conflict
Egypt
1922
Libya
1951
Tunisia
1956
Algeria
1962 *
Morocco
Western Sahara-nc
Mauritania
1960
Mali
Niger
Chad
Sudan
Ethiopia Nc
Djibouti
1977
Somalia
Kenya
1963 *
Uganda
1962
C.A.R.
Cameroon
1960 *
Nigeria
Benin
Ghana
1957
Ivory Coast 1960
Guinea
1958
Sierra Leone
1961
Senegal
Congo
Zaire
Rwanda
Tanzania
Mozambique 1975 *
Zimbabawe 1979 *
Bostwana
1966
Namibia *
Zambia
1964
Madagascar
Swaziland
1968
South Africa 1910
Togo
Liberia
Angola
1975 *

148. African Independence First successes took place in North Africa.
Many territories were of Muslim religion

149. Libya (1951) discovered oil and became very rich
Libya (1951) discovered oil and became very rich Qaddafi took over and is still in power.
Qadhafi-1969 takes control-anti-Islamic
Supported revolution around the world.
Anti-American
U.S. bombed Libya in the 80’s-major pain.
Recently gave up nuclear weapons.
Needs to better economy (tourism)
Libya

150. Mu’ammar al-Qadhafi

151. Nigeria
250 ethnic groups
Civil War btwn Muslim Hausa and Ibo tribe-million died
Military regime
President:Umaru Yar’Adua

152. Algeria President of Algeria: Abdelaziz Bouteflika
Controlled by France from
Algeria-Colons
(colonists took over and took the best of everything.)
Natives fought the colons (French)
1954 National Liberation Front formed
Attack French
Resulted in many deaths
1962 gained Independence

153. South Africa Run by white settlers- Afrikaners
1910 independence from Britain
Freedoms limited to nonwhites
Apartheid “apartness”
1948 Afrikaners dominated national Partt/gov’t
Divided white, black, colored (mixed) + Asian
Banned interracial marriages
Restrictions on African ownership of land + businesses
Carry Passes/Identity Cards (lived + worked)
Imprisoned if out 72 hours or more w/out pass
Limits on where Africans could live
“homelands” divided by tribes
Poor resources + farmland
Men forced to migrate to find work-separated families
Caused people to be aliens in own country

154. Political Changes 1900s African National Congress Forms
Protest apartheid
Nelson Mandela
1952 organized campaign against apartheid
1960 Sharpeville Massacre
ANC violence against violence
Mandela jailed
1976 Soweto Uprising
Forced Africans to speak white minority language
Students protested (600 killed + 4,000 wounded)
International Community (U.N. and European Union)
Imposed trade sanctions/restriction “South Africa not welcomed”
1990 F.W. de Klerk
Legalized ANC
Released Mandela from prison
Abolished homelands + apartheid

155. South Africa Nelson Mandela elected President 1994
Bishop Desmond Tutu received Nobel Peace Prize for work

156. Congo
Congo-1960, A Belgian colony became independent- renamed the country Zaire
1970’s-90’s ruled by Mobuto Sese Seko a dictator.
1996-rebellion led by Laurent Kabila defeated Seko in 1997 renamed Congo-Democratic Republic of the Congo.

157. Angola Controlled by Portugal Angola-1975
Military coups + civil wars drained Portuagal’s economy
1975Portugal withdrew
Angola-1975
President: Jose Eduardo dos Santos

158. Kenya
British Colony
Problems between Kenyan Farmers (settlers) + Kikuyu People
Farmers feared losing land
Coffee cash crop
Jomo Kenyatta
Protested white minority
Imprisoned b/c accused of Mau Mau movemnt (terorized
Kenya-independence movement led by Jomo Kenyatta gained independence in 1963.
President: Mwai Kibaki

159. Zimbabwe
Rhodesia-at one point ruled by white settlers, after years of fighting, settlers handed the country back to natives -renamed Zimbabwe (1980)
President:Robert Mugabe worst/ cruelest in the world!

160. Rwanda President: Paul Kagame
Rwanda and Burundi-led to violent conflict. (1994)
Differences among ethnic groups. (Hutu vs. Tutsi) Hutu forces killed 1 million Tutsi’s. (genocide).
2 million refugees fled region and settled on border of Zaire. Facing mass starvation.

161. Ethiopia Major drought and famine lead to starvation crisis
President: Meles Zenawi

162. Somalia 1992 Drought led to Starvation
Warring militias stole food from international relief agencies
U.N. and USA tried to help but not successful
President: Omar Abdirashid Ali Sharmarke

163. Sudan President: Omar al-Bashir
Somalia-1980’s rival clans fought for control of government.
Drought hit and mass starvation occurred.
1992 UN forces sent military forces to protect relief organizations.
Clan fighting continued and included foreign troops.
1995-foreign troops withdrew after the worst of the famine had ended.
Civil War based on borders and religion
Millions have been killed =genocide
Sudan President: Omar al-Bashir

164. Problems with the World Today
Trade and Globalization
Globalization (trade + culture link together)
Interdependence (countries depend on each other for resources, goods + services *oil)
Developed Countries (industrialized w/strong economy)
Developing Countries (less productive)
Multinational Corporations (large companies operate in multiple countries)
Outsourcing (work elsewhere to cut costs of production)
Free Trade (exchange of goods among nations w/out tade barriers)
1948: GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs) becomes 1995 WTO (World Trade Organization) ->150 members
OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries->oil rich 1960)

165. Regional Trade –free trade + economic issues
EU: European Union -25 members, 1993
NAFTA: North America Free Trade Agreement: 1993
ASEAN: Association of Southeast Asian Nations
SADC: Southern African Development Community
G-6: Group of Eight discuss economy + environment 1975
Cultural Diffusion: spread of ideas from one culture to another
Popular Culture: traits such as food, sports, + music
Effects: World Community, loss of traditional cultures

166. Social Changes Human Rights Poverty Disease
1948: Universal Declaration of Human Rights
Abuse most common in countries w/out democracy
NGO: Nongovernmental Organization-provide services to promote policies ex. International Red Cross
Poverty
Famine
Disease
Epidemic (HIV/AIDS, SAARS)