1. Chapter 4 Urine tests and renal function tests
Sample’s collection and sending: A first morning voided urine specimen obtained by a clean catch technique yields the most information. Other collections of urine might have their specific usage ( random urine, postcibal urine, 12 hours urine, 24 hours urine, etc.) The urine should be examined promptly by both chemical and microscopic means.

2. Contents and clinical significance of URT
General property:
Urine volume: Normal volume of urine in 24 hours should be ml .
Polyuria: > 2500ml/ 24 hrs: chronic nephritis , diabetes insipdus, diabetes mellitus
Oliguria: < 400 ml/ 24 hrs: acute nephritis ,sereve shock, urinary tract obstruction
Anuria: < 100 ml/ 24 hrs: acute renal failure

3. Color
Hematuria: microscopic hematuria is defined as more than 3 RBCs/HP on a centrifuged urine specimen. Naked-eye hematuria is defined as more than 1 ml blood in one liter urine.
Hemoglobinuria: the color looks like strong tea or wine because of the existing of free hemoglobin
Pyuria or becteriuria : presence of more than 5 WBCs /HP or germs with cloudy-looking
Bilirubinuria : presence of direct bilirubin with dark-yellow color
Crystoluria: presence of salts crystal with cloudy-looking

4. PH: 6.5 Specific gravity: 1.015-1.025 aciduria: acid: acidosis
alkaluria : alkalosis , renal tubular acidosis
Specific gravity:
lower SG: chronic renal failure, diabetes insipdus
high SG: acute nephritis, diabetes mellitus, heart failure

5. Chemical tests: include detection the presence of protein, occult blood, glucose and ketone in the urine.
Urine protein: normal : (-) or mg/24 hrs,
abnormal: (+ ) or > 150 mg / 24 hrs
Urine glucose: normal : (-) or mmol/L, diabetic urine ( glucosuria): (+-++++)
Urine ketone : normal : (-),ketonuria : (+-+++)

6. Microscopic examination: ( urine sediment tests)
Cells : In normal urine, RBC and WBC are rare ( RBC 0-1 / HP , WBC < 5 / HP ) . Epithelial cells ( oval fat bodies ) are commonly found in urinary sediment and may derive from any site along the urinary tract from the renal pelvis to the urethra. When renal tubular epithedlial cells or renal cells appears in the urine, it is pathological change.

7. Casts
cellular casts (erythrocyte casts, leukocyte casts, renal tubular cell casts )
granular casts( coarse and fine granule)
hyaline casts
waxy casts
renal failure casts
Crystal bodies:
Pathogen:

8. Microscopic examination of the urine finding associations
casts
red blood cell glomerulonephritis, vasculitis
white blood cell interstitial nephritis, pyelonephritis
epithelial cell acute tubular necrosis,interstitial
nephritis, glomerulonephritis
granular renal parenchymal disease (non-specific)
waxy ,broad advanced renal failure
hyaline normal finding in concentrated urine
fatty heavy proteinuria
cells
red blood cell urinary tract infection or inflammation
white blood cell urinary tract infection or inflammation

9. Renal function tests Tests of glomerular function:
Endogenous creatinine clearance rate (Ccr): Determination of the clearance of endogenous creatinine is a more convenient test and provides a reasonable estimate of the GFR.
The creatinine clearance is calculated as Ccr (ml/min)=Ucr(mg/dl)xV(volume of urine in 24 hours, ml/min) / Pcr (mg/dl). Normal range is ml/min/1.73m2.

10. Blood concentration of creatinine (Cr) and urea nitrogen (BUN): Creatinine is a metabolite of creatine, a major muscle constituent. In a given individual, the daily rate of production of creatinine is constant and is determined by the mass of skeletal muscle. Urea is the major product of protein metabolism, and its productoin reflects the dietary intake protein as well as the protein catabolic rate. BUN is often used in conjunction with the Cr as a measure of renal function.
Cr : umol/L (M), umol/L (F)
BUN: mmol/ L (adult) , mmol/ L (children)

11. Tests of renal tubule function
Renal tubular function is evaluated by tests that examine the ability of the kidney to maintain salt and water balance as well as acid-base balance.
Urine specific gravity (3 hours urine) test :
Day uine (2/3-3/4) should be more than night urine (1/3-1/4), hightest SG > ,lowest SG < 1.003
Phenolsulfonphthalein excretion test (PSP):
excretion rate: 15 min > 25%, 2 hrs (total) > 55%
Carbon dioxide combining power ( CO2CP):normal: mmol / L, elevated CO2CP : metabolic acidosis, respiratory alkalosis, declined CO2CP: respiratory acidosis, metabolic alkalosis a.

12. Automatic urine analyzer (10 items) :
GLU(-), BIL(-~+), UBG(3.2umol/L),
NIT(-), KET(-), PRO(-), PH(6.5),
BLD(-), LEU(-), SG(1.025)

13. Case analysis
History and physical examination : A 48-year- old female patient was admitted with the complains of severe headache with a fever, edema in her face and eyelids for 3 days. From yesterday, she found her amount of urine was decrease once a day . The color of her urine is reddish and cloudy. Physical examination her blood pressure is 180/100 mm Hg , there is severe pitting edema in her face and legs.

14. Question
After physical examination, what laboratory test do you plan to do?
How do you think or judge this case?
What urinary abnormalities and renal function test results do you probably find?
Teacher give laboratory results of this case and discuss the case .