1. INDOOR AIR QUALITY INTRODUCTION ODOR INDOOR AIR CONTAMINANTS

2. INDOOR AIR QUALITY INTRODUCTION ODOR  ODOR PERCEPTION  BODY ODORS  COOKING ODORS  CHEMICAL ODORS  CIGARETTE SMOKE  ODOR CONTROL INDOOR AIR CONTAMINANTS ODOR PERCEPTION:  QUANTITATIVE ASPECT: INTENSITY.  QUALITATIVE ASPECT: OFFENSIVENESS OR PLEASANTNESS.

3. INDOOR AIR QUALITY INTRODUCTION ODOR  ODOR PERCEPTION  BODY ODORS  COOKING ODORS  CHEMICAL ODORS  CIGARETTE SMOKE  ODOR CONTROL INDOOR AIR CONTAMINANTS ODOR PERCEPTION IS AFFECTED BY TEMPERATURE & HUMIDITY:  TEMPERATURE: AN INCREASE IN TEMPERATURE SLIGHTLY REDUCES SOME ODORS, SUCH AS CIGARETTE SMOKE.  THE PERCEPTION OF SMOKE, COOKING, BODY ODORS & MANY OTHER VAPORS DECREASES AS HUMIDITY INCREASES.  IN ORDER TO KEEP ODOR PERCEPTION & IRRITATION AT A MINIMUM, THE OPTIMUM RELATIVE HUMIDITY FOR A CONDITIONED SPACE IS 45% TO 60%.

4. INDOOR AIR QUALITY INTRODUCTION ODOR  ODOR PERCEPTION  BODY ODORS  COOKING ODORS  CHEMICAL ODORS  CIGARETTE SMOKE  ODOR CONTROL INDOOR AIR CONTAMINANTS BODY ODORS:  UNSTABLE & DISAPPEAR WITH TIME, EVEN WITHOUT ANY AIR CHANGE.  IN EXPERIMENTS, THE STRENGTH OF BODY ODORS IN AN UNVENTILATED ROOM FELL ABRUPTLY, WITHIN 5 MINUTES, FROM VERY OBJECTIONABLE TO PERCEPTIBLE BUT NOT OBJECTIONABLE.

5. INDOOR AIR QUALITY INTRODUCTION ODOR  ODOR PERCEPTION  BODY ODORS  COOKING ODORS  CHEMICAL ODORS  CIGARETTE SMOKE  ODOR CONTROL INDOOR AIR CONTAMINANTS COOKING ODORS: IN EXPERIMENTS, IT TOOK ABOUT 6 TO 7 HOURS FOR THE SAME TYPE OF REDUCTION AS OCCURRED IN 5 MINUTES WITH BODY ODORS.

6. INDOOR AIR QUALITY INTRODUCTION ODOR  ODOR PERCEPTION  BODY ODORS  COOKING ODORS  CHEMICAL ODORS  CIGARETTE SMOKE  ODOR CONTROL INDOOR AIR CONTAMINANTS CHEMICAL ODORS

7. INDOOR AIR QUALITY INTRODUCTION ODOR  ODOR PERCEPTION  BODY ODORS  COOKING ODORS  CHEMICAL ODORS  CIGARETTE SMOKE  ODOR CONTROL INDOOR AIR CONTAMINANTS LUDWIG MIES VAN DER ROHE CIGARETTE SMOKE:  IN EXPERIMENTS, THE INTENSITY INCREASED DURING THE FIRST THREE HOURS AFTER SMOKING.  THEN DECREASED SLOWLY FOR A LONG TIME, REACHING THE THRESHOLD LEVEL ONLY AFTER 17 TO 48 HOURS, DEPENDING ON THE NUMBER OF CIGARETTES SMOKED.  IN ROOMS WHERE HEAVY SMOKING GOES ON THE VENTILATION RATES SHOULD MUCH HIGHER THAN TO ELIMINATE BODY ODORS ALONE.

8. INDOOR AIR QUALITY INTRODUCTION ODOR  ODOR PERCEPTION  BODY ODORS  COOKING ODORS  CHEMICAL ODORS  CIGARETTE SMOKE  ODOR CONTROL INDOOR AIR CONTAMINANTS VENTILATION

9. INDOOR AIR QUALITY INTRODUCTION ODOR  ODOR PERCEPTION  BODY ODORS  COOKING ODORS  CHEMICAL ODORS  CIGARETTE SMOKE  ODOR CONTROL INDOOR AIR CONTAMINANTS FILTRATION ODOR CONTROL:  PARTICULATE FILTERS  ADSORPTION FILTERS  AIR WASHERS  ELECTRONIC AIR CLEANERS

10. INDOOR AIR QUALITY INTRODUCTION ODOR  ODOR PERCEPTION  BODY ODORS  COOKING ODORS  CHEMICAL ODORS  CIGARETTE SMOKE  ODOR CONTROL INDOOR AIR CONTAMINANTS ODOR MASKING & COUNTERACTION ODOR MASKING:  TECHNIQUE OF INTRODUCING AN ODOR TO COVER AN UNPLEASANT ODOR. ODOR COUNTERACTION:  THE ART OF MIXING TWO ODOROUS VAPORS TOGETHER SUCH THAT BOTH ODORS ARE DIMINISHED.  INEXACT METHOD.

11. INDOOR AIR QUALITY INTRODUCTION ODOR INDOOR AIR CONTAMINANTS  HISTORY  AIRBORNE INFECTIONS  RADON  ORGANIC COMPOUNDS  FORMALDEHYDE  CARBON MONOXIDE  NITROGEN OXIDES  SMOKE  ASBESTOS  EVALUATION  CONTROL

12. INDOOR AIR QUALITY INTRODUCTION ODOR INDOOR AIR CONTAMINANTS  HISTORY  AIRBORNE INFECTIONS  RADON  ORGANIC COMPOUNDS  FORMALDEHYDE  CARBON MONOXIDE  NITROGEN OXIDES  SMOKE  ASBESTOS  EVALUATION  CONTROL GREGORY BATESON CALIFORNIA STATE OFFICE BUILDING, SACRAMENTO, CA, 1979-1982

13. INDOOR AIR QUALITY INTRODUCTION ODOR INDOOR AIR CONTAMINANTS  HISTORY  AIRBORNE INFECTIONS  RADON  ORGANIC COMPOUNDS  FORMALDEHYDE  CARBON MONOXIDE  NITROGEN OXIDES  SMOKE  ASBESTOS  EVALUATION  CONTROL GREGORY BATESON CALIFORNIA STATE OFFICE BUILDING, SACRAMENTO, CA, 1979-1982 PROBLEMS:  PLAGUED BY ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY PROBLEMS SINCE IT OPENED IN 1982.  COMPLAINTS OF RESPIRATORY, GASTROINTESTINAL, SKIN, AND EYE PROBLEMS BEGAN SOON AFTER THE FIRST OCCUPANTS MOVED IN.  SOME OCCUPANTS COMPLAINED OF SUFFERING DIZZINESS, LOSS OF BALANCE, OCCASIONAL SORE THROAT, AND ITCHY SKIN.  THERE WERE REPORTS OF UNPLEASANT ODORS.  MOST COMPLAINTS SEEMED TO COME FROM AREAS WITH THE LOWEST VENTILATION RATES.  MORE COMPLAINTS OCCURRED WHEN THE VENTILATION SYSTEM WAS OPERATED ONLY IN THE DAYTIME THAN WHEN OPERATED AROUND THE CLOCK.  AIR QUALITY TESTS FOUND SLIGHTLY ELEVATED LEVELS OF FORMALDEHYDE, CARBON DIOXIDE, AND OTHER POLLUTANTS.  FUNGAL SPORES WERE FOUND IN THE AIR EXHAUSTED FROM THE ROCK BE THERMAL HEAT STORAGE.

14. INDOOR AIR QUALITY INTRODUCTION ODOR INDOOR AIR CONTAMINANTS  HISTORY  AIRBORNE INFECTIONS  RADON  ORGANIC COMPOUNDS  FORMALDEHYDE  CARBON MONOXIDE  NITROGEN OXIDES  SMOKE  ASBESTOS  EVALUATION  CONTROL AIRBORNE INFECTIONS DESCRIPTION:  BACTERIA & VIRUSES IN AIR & DUST. METHOD OF CONTROL:  AIR FILTRATION TO CONTROL DUST.  AIR STERILIZATION: ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT.  VENTILATION

15. INDOOR AIR QUALITY INTRODUCTION ODOR INDOOR AIR CONTAMINANTS  HISTORY  AIRBORNE INFECTIONS  RADON  ORGANIC COMPOUNDS  FORMALDEHYDE  CARBON MONOXIDE  NITROGEN OXIDES  SMOKE  ASBESTOS  EVALUATION  CONTROL RADON DESCRIPTION:  NON-REACTIVE RADIOACTIVE GAS FORMED BY THE RADIOACTIVE DECAY OF RADIUM. SOURCES:  AREAS OF URANIUM & PHOSPHATE DEPOSITS.  SOME MASONRY PRODUCTS.  SOME TYPES OF GYPSUM BOARD.

16. INDOOR AIR QUALITY INTRODUCTION ODOR INDOOR AIR CONTAMINANTS  HISTORY  AIRBORNE INFECTIONS  RADON  ORGANIC COMPOUNDS  FORMALDEHYDE  CARBON MONOXIDE  NITROGEN OXIDES  SMOKE  ASBESTOS  EVALUATION  CONTROL RADON

17. INDOOR AIR QUALITY INTRODUCTION ODOR INDOOR AIR CONTAMINANTS  HISTORY  AIRBORNE INFECTIONS  RADON  ORGANIC COMPOUNDS  FORMALDEHYDE  CARBON MONOXIDE  NITROGEN OXIDES  SMOKE  ASBESTOS  EVALUATION  CONTROL RADON HEALTH EFFECTS:  CONSIDERED TO BE A MAJOR CAUSE OF THE HIGH INCIDENCE OF LUNG CANCER IN URANIUM MINERS.  BETWEEN 20 TO 50 INDIVIDUALS PER MILLION PEOPLE DIE PER YEAR FROM RADON RELATED CANCER.

18. INDOOR AIR QUALITY INTRODUCTION ODOR INDOOR AIR CONTAMINANTS  HISTORY  AIRBORNE INFECTIONS  RADON  ORGANIC COMPOUNDS  FORMALDEHYDE  CARBON MONOXIDE  NITROGEN OXIDES  SMOKE  ASBESTOS  EVALUATION  CONTROL ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

19. INDOOR AIR QUALITY INTRODUCTION ODOR INDOOR AIR CONTAMINANTS  HISTORY  AIRBORNE INFECTIONS  RADON  ORGANIC COMPOUNDS  FORMALDEHYDE  CARBON MONOXIDE  NITROGEN OXIDES  SMOKE  ASBESTOS  EVALUATION  CONTROL ORGANIC COMPOUNDS DESCRIPTION:  A VERY LARGE GROUP OF MATERIALS THAT CONTAIN CARBON AS THEIR PRIMARY CONSTITUENT & HYDROGEN, NITROGEN OXYGEN, SULFUR & OTHER ELEMENTS AS SECONDARY CONSTITUENTS. SOURCES:  SYNTHETIC MATERIALS: CARPETING, WALL COVERINGS, ETC.  SOLVENTS IN HOUSEHOLD PRODUCTS: ADHESIVES, CLEANING AGENTS, PAINTS & PERSONAL HYGIENE PRODUCTS.  INCOMPLETE COMBUSTION: NATURAL GAS & TOBACCO.  METABOLIC PROCESSES IN HUMANS, ANIMALS & PLANTS.

20. INDOOR AIR QUALITY INTRODUCTION ODOR INDOOR AIR CONTAMINANTS  HISTORY  AIRBORNE INFECTIONS  RADON  ORGANIC COMPOUNDS  FORMALDEHYDE  CARBON MONOXIDE  NITROGEN OXIDES  SMOKE  ASBESTOS  EVALUATION  CONTROL ORGANIC COMPOUNDS HEALTH EFFECTS:  VARIES GREATLY (OVER 250 COMPOUNDS).  SOME COMPOUNDS CAUSE IRRITATION.  SOME AFFECT THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.  OTHERS AFFECT METABOLIC PROCESSES.  SOME CAUSE CANCER.

21. INDOOR AIR QUALITY INTRODUCTION ODOR INDOOR AIR CONTAMINANTS  HISTORY  AIRBORNE INFECTIONS  RADON  ORGANIC COMPOUNDS  FORMALDEHYDE  CARBON MONOXIDE  NITROGEN OXIDES  SMOKE  ASBESTOS  EVALUATION  CONTROL FORMALDEHYDE & OTHER ALDEHYDES DESCRIPTION:  SPECIFIC GROUP OF COMPOUNDS THAT VAPORIZE AT ROOM TEMPERATURE.  CONTAIN HYDROGEN & OXYGEN IN ADDITION TO CARBON.  FORMALDEHYDE IS COLORLESS & HAS A PUNGENT IRRITATING ODOR. SOURCES:  UREA-FORMALDEHYDE FOAM INSULATION.  UREA-FORMALDEHYDE ADHESIVES & RESINS FOUND IN PLYWOOD & PARTICLE BOARD.  BURNING OF NATURAL GAS, TOBACCO & OTHER COMBUSTIBLES.

22. INDOOR AIR QUALITY INTRODUCTION ODOR INDOOR AIR CONTAMINANTS  HISTORY  AIRBORNE INFECTIONS  RADON  ORGANIC COMPOUNDS  FORMALDEHYDE  CARBON MONOXIDE  NITROGEN OXIDES  SMOKE  ASBESTOS  EVALUATION  CONTROL FORMALDEHYDE & OTHER ALDEHYDES HEALTH EFFECTS: LOW CONCENTRATIONS:  HIGHLY IRRITATING TO THE SKIN, EYES & MUCOUS MEMBRANES OF THE RESPIRATORY TRACT. HIGH CONCENTRATIONS:  HEADACHES & DIZZINESS.  NAUSEA & VOMITING.  SKIN RASH.  COUGHING

23. INDOOR AIR QUALITY INTRODUCTION ODOR INDOOR AIR CONTAMINANTS  HISTORY  AIRBORNE INFECTIONS  RADON  ORGANIC COMPOUNDS  FORMALDEHYDE  CARBON MONOXIDE  NITROGEN OXIDES  SMOKE  ASBESTOS  EVALUATION  CONTROL CARBON MONOXIDE DESCRIPTION:  COLORLESS, ODORLESS GAS. SOURCES:  GAS, OIL & WOOD STOVES WITH INADEQUATE COMBUSTION AIR.  IMPROPERLY MAINTAINED FLUES & DAMPERS.  EXHAUST FROM AUTOMOBILES.

24. INDOOR AIR QUALITY INTRODUCTION ODOR INDOOR AIR CONTAMINANTS  HISTORY  AIRBORNE INFECTIONS  RADON  ORGANIC COMPOUNDS  FORMALDEHYDE  CARBON MONOXIDE  NITROGEN OXIDES  SMOKE  ASBESTOS  EVALUATION  CONTROL CARBON MONOXIDE HEALTH EFFECTS: LOW CONCENTRATIONS:  IMPAIRED VISUAL ACUITY & BRAIN FUNCTION. HIGH CONCENTRATIONS:  HEADACHES.  NAUSEA.  WEAKNESS.  CONFUSION.  ULTIMATELY DEATH.

25. INDOOR AIR QUALITY INTRODUCTION ODOR INDOOR AIR CONTAMINANTS  HISTORY  AIRBORNE INFECTIONS  RADON  ORGANIC COMPOUNDS  FORMALDEHYDE  CARBON MONOXIDE  NITROGEN OXIDES  SMOKE  ASBESTOS  EVALUATION  CONTROL NITROGEN OXIDES DESCRIPTION:  HEATING AIR TO HIGH TEMPERATURE CAUSES NITROGEN & OXYGEN TO REACT FORMING NITRIC OXIDE & NITROGEN DIOXIDE.

26. INDOOR AIR QUALITY INTRODUCTION ODOR INDOOR AIR CONTAMINANTS  HISTORY  AIRBORNE INFECTIONS  RADON  ORGANIC COMPOUNDS  FORMALDEHYDE  CARBON MONOXIDE  NITROGEN OXIDES  SMOKE  ASBESTOS  EVALUATION  CONTROL NITROGEN OXIDES SOURCES:  CIGARETTE SMOKING.  GAS-BURNING APPLIANCES.  OUTDOOR AIR. HEALTH EFFECTS: LOW CONCENTRATIONS:  RESPIRATORY IRRITANT. HIGH CONCENTRATIONS:  IMPLICATED IN RESPIRATORY DISEASE & REDUCTIONS OF RESPIRATORY FUNCTION.

27. INDOOR AIR QUALITY INTRODUCTION ODOR INDOOR AIR CONTAMINANTS  HISTORY  AIRBORNE INFECTIONS  RADON  ORGANIC COMPOUNDS  FORMALDEHYDE  CARBON MONOXIDE  NITROGEN OXIDES  SMOKE  ASBESTOS  EVALUATION  CONTROL SMOKE DESCRIPTION:  COMPLEX MIXTURE OF GASES & PARTICLES INCLUDING, CARBON MONOXIDE, NITROGEN OXIDES, ORGANIC COMPOUNDS, & HEAVY METALS GENERATED FROM INCOMPLETE COMBUSTION. SOURCES:  BURNING OF COAL & WOOD.  CIGARETTE SMOKE. HEALTH EFFECTS:  HIGHLY CARCINOGENIC.

28. INDOOR AIR QUALITY INTRODUCTION ODOR INDOOR AIR CONTAMINANTS  HISTORY  AIRBORNE INFECTIONS  RADON  ORGANIC COMPOUNDS  FORMALDEHYDE  CARBON MONOXIDE  NITROGEN OXIDES  SMOKE  ASBESTOS  EVALUATION  CONTROL ASBESTOS DESCRIPTION:  A FIBROUS, NON- COMBUSTIBLE MINERAL. SOURCES:  SPACKLING COMPOUNDS.  ASBESTOS CEMENT.  WALL BOARD.  FURNACE & PIPE INSULATION.  FIREPROOFING.

29. INDOOR AIR QUALITY INTRODUCTION ODOR INDOOR AIR CONTAMINANTS  HISTORY  AIRBORNE INFECTIONS  RADON  ORGANIC COMPOUNDS  FORMALDEHYDE  CARBON MONOXIDE  NITROGEN OXIDES  SMOKE  ASBESTOS  EVALUATION  CONTROL ASBESTOS HEALTH EFFECTS:  COUGHING.  CHEST PAINS.  WEAKNESS.  CANCER OF THE LUNGS.

30. INDOOR AIR QUALITY INTRODUCTION ODOR INDOOR AIR CONTAMINANTS  HISTORY  AIRBORNE INFECTIONS  RADON  ORGANIC COMPOUNDS  FORMALDEHYDE  CARBON MONOXIDE  NITROGEN OXIDES  SMOKE  ASBESTOS  EVALUATION  CONTROL EVALUATION EVALUATION OF INDOOR AIR CONTAMINANTS: MATHEMATICAL MODELS:  NEEDS CONSIDERABLE REFINEMENTS BEFORE IT CAN BE USED IN REAL APPLICATIONS. SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS:  METHOD IS CURRENTLY AVAILABLE. OCCUPANT EVALUATION:  REQUIRES QUALIFIED MEDICAL PERSONNEL.

31. INDOOR AIR QUALITY INTRODUCTION ODOR INDOOR AIR CONTAMINANTS  HISTORY  AIRBORNE INFECTIONS  RADON  ORGANIC COMPOUNDS  FORMALDEHYDE  CARBON MONOXIDE  NITROGEN OXIDES  SMOKE  ASBESTOS  EVALUATION  CONTROL METHODS OF CONTROL METHODS OF CONTROL:  REMOVAL OR SUBSTITUTION  CHANGE IN DESIGN  ENCAPSULATION  SPATIAL CONFINEMENT  TEMPORAL USE  VENTILATION  FILTRATION