1. Introduction to European Civilization 欧洲文化入门 Zhan Junfeng 詹俊峰 ( 博士, 副教授 ) School of Foreign Language and Culture SCNU 华南师范大学外国语言文化学院

2. Today’s Topics 今日主题 Part One: Course Arrangement 课程 安排 Part Two: Origin of European Civilization 欧洲文明的起源

3. Part One: Course Arrangement 课程安排 1. Learning objectives ( 学习目标 why & what) 2. Study materials ( 学习资源 textbook + online resources) 3. Learning method ( 学习方法 how) 4. The evaluation system ( 评估体系 )

4. 1. Learning objectives ( 学习目的 ) Why do we learn European civilization? –The importance of cultural studies for language learning 文化研究对于语言学习的重 要性 –The great influence of Europe on the world in modern times 欧洲从近现代以来对世界的影响

5. The importance of cultural studies for language learning ( 文化研究对于语言学习的重要性 ) According to social linguistics, the (trans)formation of a language is determined by its social and cultural context. (e.g. the influence of historical population migration on language development.) 社会语言学认为，语言的形成和演 变均受到社会文化背景的影响 The usage of a language is also culturally defined and shaped. 语言的使用也受文化影响 For English majors, mechanical language learning without taking the cultural context into consideration is not O.K.. 机械的学习英语，不考 虑文化语境，不行！

6. The great influence of Europe on the world in modern times ( 欧洲从近现代以来对世界的影响 ) Before 15th century, Europe was less prosperous or influential than Asia. 十五世纪之 前，欧洲在繁荣程度和对世界发展的影响力方面 均不及亚洲 Since the late 15 th century, Europeans started expanding to four corners of the world 十五世纪 末开始（现代初期），欧洲人的船队开始出现在 世界各地 Great Discovery / Exploration 【地理大发现，探 索时代，或大航海时代】. European overseas expansion led to the rise of colonial empires. 欧洲通过海外扩张而成为殖民 帝国。

7. Map of colonial empires at the end of World War II, 1945

8. Post WWII (1945-) The decline 衰败 of Europe and the rise of the US. The link between American culture and European civilization. Europeanization + Americanization = Westernization = modernization? The European integration 欧洲一体化 since 1950s. 1993, the European Union was officially established. 欧 盟正式成立. 2012, 27 Member States 成员国, world largest economy 世界上最大的经济体.

9. 1. Learning objectives ( 学习目的 ) What will we learn in this course? –3 periods of European civilization, i.e. Antiquity, Middle Ages & Early Modernity 古代， 中世纪和近代初期

10. The foci of 3 periods 三个历史时期的学习重点 1. Antiquity 上古时期 : –Origin of European civilization 欧洲文明起源 –Greek civilization 古希腊文明成就 –Roman civilization 古罗马文明成就 –Rise of Christianity 基督教的兴起 2. Middle Ages 中世纪，重点介绍中期文明成就 –The early, central and late Middle Ages 中世纪的早、 中、晚期 3. Early Modernity 近代初期，主要说明文艺复兴 运动和宗教改革运动如何改变欧洲 –Renaissance 文艺复兴 –Reformation 宗教改革

11. 2. Study materials ( 学习资源 ) textbook 教材 A Brief History of European Civilization: From Antiquity to Early Modernity 《欧洲文明简 史 – 从上古时代到现代初 期》 Editors: 宋晓堃、尚劝余、 张华鸿、詹俊峰、梅园

12. 2. Study materials ( 学习资源 ) online resources 网络资源 华师在线课堂 http://www.gdou.com/ “ 资料共享 ” 栏目下： “ 课程大纲 ” ， “ 参考资料 ” ， “ 复 习资料 ” 等 “ 课件浏览 ” 栏目：视频教学 阶段视频导学，阶段视频导学的上课时间在 “ 华师 在线 ” 主页，教学教务 — 教学信息 — 课程表，校本 部学生可根据课程表上的时间到指定的地点收听面 授导学课，校外学习中心的学生课后可以到所在中 心下载面授导学课录像。已经完成的导学，其课件 可以在 “ 华师在线 ” 主页，学生工作室 -- 参考资料中 下载。

13. 3. Learning method ( 学习方法 ) Textbook 为主， online resources 为辅 How to use online resources: 演示 - 课件浏览 （可观看上课视频录像） - 资料共享  参考资料 （可下载导学课件） - 在线作业 - 课程答疑

14. 4. The evaluation system ( 评估体系 ) 总评成绩 = 期末成绩（ 60% ） + 作业成绩（ 20% ） + 平时成 绩（ 20% ） 20% 平时成绩，电脑统计（登陆学习课件及论坛占 10% ， 登陆课程论坛发贴及参加满意度调查占 10% ） 20% online homework 在线作业，系统自动批改给分 60% final exam 期末考试, taken from online homework 在线作业 and textbook exercises 课本习题 - blank fill-in 填空题 - multiple choice 单选题 - True or false 判断正误题

15. Part Two: Origin of European Civilization 欧洲文化的起源 1. Introduction –1.1 What is civilization / culture? –1.2 What is Europe? 2. Civilizations in the Ancient Near East –2.1. The Mesopotamian Civilization –2.2. The ancient Egyptian Civilization –2.3. The Hebrew Culture 3. The Influences of Ancient Near Eastern Civilizations on the Western / European Culture

16. Part Two: Origin of European Civilization 欧洲文化的起源 1. Introduction –1.1 What is civilization / culture? –1.2 What is Europe? 2. Civilizations in the Ancient Near East –2.1. The Mesopotamian Civilization –2.2. The ancient Egyptian Civilization –2.3. The Hebrew Culture 3. The Influences of Ancient Near Eastern Civilizations on the Western / European Culture

17. culture 文化 Etymology （词源学） : “cultura ” (Latin), to build on, to cultivate 培育, to foster 抚育. 《易经》：观乎天文，以查时变；观乎人 文，以化成天下。 （文化 = 以文化人，观察 人类文明的进展，就能用人文精神来教化 天下） As a sociological concept （社会学概念） : culture vs. nature, manmade vs. given.

18. “Culture is that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, customs, and other capabilities acquired by man as a member of society.” (Edward Taylor, 1871, Primitive Culture)

19. civilization 文明 “Civis” (Latin): townsman or city dweller 市民, a complex society with high degree of urbanization [ 高度都市化的复杂社会 ]. Civilization 文明 : an advanced state of intellectual, cultural, and material development in human society, 人类社会知识、文化和物质发 展的高级阶段， marked by progress in the arts and sciences, the extensive use of writing, and the appearance of complex political and social institutions. 标志为艺术和科学上的发展、文字的 广泛使用和复杂的政治及社会机构的出现

20. 4 ancient civilizations The Mesopotamian 美索不达米亚文明 / 两河 文明 : valleys of Tigris 底格里斯河 and Euphrates 幼发拉底河. Ancient Egyptian: the Nile 尼罗河. Chinese: the Yellow River (Yangtze 长江 ) Ancient Indian: the Indus 印度河.

21. Part Two: Origin of European Civilization 欧洲文化的起源 1. Introduction –1.1 What is civilization / culture? –1.2 What is Europe? 2. Civilizations in the Ancient Near East –2.1. The Mesopotamian Civilization –2.2. The ancient Egyptian Civilization –2.3. The Hebrew Culture 3. The Influences of Ancient Near Eastern Civilizations on the Western / European Culture

22. Europe in the world map

24. North: the Arctic Ocean 北冰洋 ; West: the Atlantic Ocean 大西洋 ; South: the Mediterranean 地中海 ; south-east: the Black Sea 黑海 ; East: Caspian Sea 里海.

25. Europe World ’ s 6 th largest continent. A peninsula 半岛 of the Eurasian continent 欧亚 大陆. Area: 10,400,000 sq km, 2% of Earth surface. Population: 738,523,843, 3 rd most populated continent, 11% of world population. 我们本课程谈到的欧洲其实是一直有不同侧重： 古代史时重心为地中海地区（希腊，意大利等）； 中世纪以后转至西欧（英国、荷兰、法国等）。

26. Origin of Europe Traditionally, ancient Greek was regarded as the cradle of European civilization. Questions: –What was the origin of ancient Greek civilization? –Was ancient Greek culture created in Europe and by Europeans only? –Or was the development a result of cultural exchanges and interactions between people in ancient Greece and their neighbors outside of Europe?

27. Origin of Europe, the mythological account Greek mythology 神 话. The Rape of Europa [ 欧 罗巴的掳掠 ].

29. Origin of Europe, The academic account –Martin Bernal, Black Athena: The Afro- Asiatic Roots of Classical Civilization, 1986, 2006 –Ancient Greco-Romans borrowed and learnt a lot from the peoples in the ancient Near East, eg. the Egyptians. –Rejection of Euro-centrism [ 摒弃欧洲中心 主义 ].

30. Near East A historical region. Land area ≈ modern Middle East. No longer applied after 4 th Cent. B.C. Greek expansion under Alexander the Great.

31. Armenia 亚美 尼亚, Cyprus 塞浦路 斯, Iran 伊朗, Iraq 伊拉克, Israel 以色列, Jordan 约旦, Lebanon 黎巴 嫩, Palestine 巴勒 斯坦地区, Syria 叙利亚, and a major part of Egypt (ancient Egypt).

32. Ancient near east gave birth to the earliest human civilizations. Ancient Near Eastern civilizations had greatly influenced the development of ancient Greek civilization. Civilizations in the ancient Near East. –The Mesopotamian civilization 美索不达米亚文明 / 两 河文明 –The ancient Egyptian civilization 古埃及文明 –The Hebrew culture 希伯来文化

33. Part Two: Origin of European Civilization 欧洲文明的起源 1. Introduction –1.1 What is civilization / culture? –1.2 What is Europe? 2. Civilizations in the Ancient Near East –2.1. The Mesopotamian Civilization –2.2. The ancient Egyptian Civilization –2.3. The Hebrew Culture 3. The Influences of Ancient Near Eastern Civilizations on the Western / European Culture

34. 2.1 The Mesopotamian Civilization Mesopotamia (meaning “the land between the two rivers”) 美索不达米亚，亦称 “ 两河流域 ”: Tigris 底格里 斯河 and Euphrates 幼发拉底河

35. Thanks to the two rivers, the climate in Mesopotamia is humid and fertile, providing plentiful water supply and rich soil for early agriculture. Hence “ the Fertile Crescent ” (New Moon) 富饶的新月地

36. Mesopotamia civilization is not a single civilization. –The Sumerians 苏美尔人 –Akkadians 阿卡德人 –Babylonians 巴比伦人 (Amorites 亚摩利人 － Chaldeans 迦勒底人 ) –Assyrians 亚述人 –Hebrews 希伯来人 –Phoenicians 腓尼基人 –Persians 波斯人

37. Mesopotamian Civilization in General 5300 – 2340 BC: non-semite 闪语 speaking Sumarians 苏美尔人 2340 – 538 BC: Semite-speaking peoples, Akkadians 阿卡德人, Amorites 亚摩利人 (old Babylon 古巴比伦 ), Assyrians 亚述人, Chaldeans 迦勒底人 (new Babylon 新巴比 伦 )

38. 5300 – 2340 BC: The Sumarians 苏美尔人 The Sumerians 苏美尔人 : the only non-Semites ( 非闪族人 ) in the region at that time. Migration to the Mesopotamia around 5300 BC. But from where? –from the mountains in Iran? –from the sea? –from Afghanistan 阿富汗 mountains or the Indus valley 印度河流域 ? Laid foundation of civilization in the whole region

39. Independent city-states 城邦, e.g. Eridu. In each city-state, the center is the temple (called Ziggurats [ 塔庙 ]) of the protector God/Goddess 守护神的塔庙作为城邦中心. Priest as king / ruler 祭司作为统治者. Hierarchical society 等级森严的社会 : king, council of noblemen, free person, slave. The Sumerian city-states were at war with each other and defeated by the Akkadians 阿卡德人 in 2340 BC.

41. Semite peoples and empires 1. Akkadian empire 阿卡德帝国 (2340 – 2100 BC) 2. Ancient Babylon period 古巴比伦时期 (2000 – 1595 BC) (Amorites 亚摩利人 ) –1792 BC, Hammurabi [ 汉谟拉比 ] unifying Mesopotamia. 3. Assyrian period 亚述时期 (700 BC) 4. Neo-Babylon period 新巴比伦时期 (by Chaldeans 迦勒底人, 600-562 BC) 5. 538 BC, the Persian conquest 波斯入侵 –End of the Mesopotamian civilization.

42. Mesopotamian civilization Two representatives: –Sumerian culture 苏美尔文化 : Eridu 埃利都 – the holy land of Endi, Nippur 尼普尔 – the reign of Enlil as the centers. –Babylonian culture 巴比伦文化 : ancient city of Babylon 巴比伦 (= God ’ s Gate) as the center.

43. The Sumerian Religion: polytheism 多神崇拜 Sky-god An & earth-goddess Ki, their son the air-god 空气之神 Enlil. Many lesser gods, goddesses, and spirits. Gods with human form and immortality. Gods create the universe Gods create human from clay 粘土 So the living purpose of human was to serve and please his creators. For human, both body and soul will perish after death. Epic of Gilgamesh 吉尔伽美什史诗， about a Sumerian king in search of immortality.

44. The Sumerian Architecture: Ziggurat [ 塔庙，金字形神塔 ] mud-brick joined by cement [ 用水泥粘接 泥砖 ]. Ziggurats [ 塔庙，金字形神塔 ] [Akkadian, “ to build on a raised land ” ], i.e. the Tell [ 台勒，土丘 ] [Arabic: hill, mountain] Practical need 实际需求 : prevention from flood. Religious need 宗教需求 : nearer to gods. Center of every city-state: the ziggurats

45. The Sumerian Language: pictogram [ 图 画符号 ]  cuneiform script [ 楔形文字 ] The Sumerians created the oldest known human written language. A language isolate [ 孤立语言，它不与任何 其它已知语言相近 ]. Written on clay plate 黏土板. A cuneiform cultural circle 楔形文字的文化 圈. “ Latin of the ancient Orient ” = a lingua franca [ 通用语言 ].

47. The Babylonian Law: Hammurabi ’ s Code [ 汉谟拉比法典 ] 1792-1750 BC., Amorite 阿摩利人, Old Babylon 古巴比伦王国 3,500 lines, 282 articles. Theft 偷窃, slavery 奴隶制, property right 财 产权, inheritance 继承, loan 借贷, trade and commerce 商贸, marital and family affairs 婚姻与家庭事务. Principle of retaliation ( 同态复仇原则 ), “ an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth. ” Punishments vary according to the social status and gender.

48. Reconstruction of Babylon 1983, Saddam Hussein started rebuilding the city on the ruins. 1991, Saddam Hill project. 2003, cable car line project over Babylon, aborted due to war 取消. 2006, UN plans to rebuild Babylon 2009, reopened for tourism.

49. Other achievements of the Mesopotamian civilization First sexagesimal system of keeping time 六十进制计时： 1 h = 60 min, 1 min = 60 sec, 1 yr = 360 days, circumference 圆周 = 360° First wheel First locks and keys, first postal system, first use of iron, first magnifying glass 放大 镜, first libraries, first plumbing and flush toilets, first guitars, first aqueduct 导水渠, first paved roads, etc.

50. Decline of the Mesopotamia civilization Rise and challenge of new civilisations: Greco-Roman, Persian. Excess agricultural exploitation 过度农业开 发 : salinization [ 盐碱化 ] of soil.

51. Part Two: Origin of European Civilization 欧洲文化的起源 1. Introduction –1.1 What is civilization / culture? –1.2 What is Europe? 2. Civilizations in the Ancient Near East –2.1. The Mesopotamian Civilization –2.2. The ancient Egyptian Civilization –2.3. The Hebrew Culture 3. The Influences of Ancient Near Eastern Civilizations on the Western / European Culture

52. 2.2 The Ancient Egyptian Civilization

53. The Nile River

54. Geographical factors Upper and Lower Egypt 上埃及和下埃及. The Nile 尼罗河 = lifeline 生命线 : the longest river in the world, rich soil, water, food, transportation. The fertile silt 富饶的沉积泥 after the annual flood  less labor intensive agriculture  cultural and technological advancements. 3 seasons based on the cycles of the Nile: the Flooding Season (6-9, Akhet), Growing Season (10-2, Peret), and Harvesting Season (3-5, Shemu). Papyrus 纸莎草 alongside the Nile: material for paper, boats, mattresses 床垫, mats 垫子, rope, sandals 拖鞋, and baskets Natural defenses: Sahara, Red Sea, Mediterranean

55. papyrus 纸莎草

57. Brief History 5000 BC, emergence of the Egyptian culture in the northern Nile Valley. 3150 BC, unification of the Lower and Upper Egypt by King Menes 美尼斯法老, the beginning of the Pharaonic Period 法老 时代 of 31 dynasties 朝代. 332 BC, the conquest by Alexander the Great.

58. Religion Polytheism 多神论， as many as 2000 gods and goddesses. Each city with a temple for the protecting god (or goddess) of that city. Gods as creators and rulers of the universe and man. With a human body and an animal head. (exceptions: Amon-Ra 太阳神， Osiris 冥神 ) Belief in life after death, final judgment, and resurrection 复活  lead to mummification 制作木乃 伊 and building pyramids 金字塔

59. Mummification 制作木乃伊

60. Social structure Pharaoh 法老, the semi-god, as the political and spiritual leader. Pharaoh was hereditary 世袭的 Millions of skilled workers and general labors. Underdeveloped legal system. Second to the Pharaoh were the priests 祭 司 living in the temple.

61. Ancient Egypt Language: hieroglyphic writing [ 象形文字 ] The Egyptian language has the longest known history of any language 使用时间最长的语言

62. Hieroglyphic epigraph [ 象形文字铭文 ]

63. Science and technology Decimal system [10 进制 ]. Mathematics: addition [ 加法 ], subtraction [ 减法 ] Algebraic equation [ 代数方程 ] Survey [ 土地测量 ]: origin of geometry [ 几何学 ] 。 Medical advancement.

64. Part Two: Origin of European Civilization 欧洲文化的起源 1. Introduction –1.1 What is civilization / culture? –1.2 What is Europe? 2. Civilizations in the Ancient Near East –2.1. The Mesopotamian Civilization –2.2. The ancient Egyptian Civilization –2.3. The Hebrew Culture 3. The Influences of Ancient Near Eastern Civilizations on the Western / European Culture

65. 2.3 The Hebrew Culture Hebrews: Semite speaking people in the Mesopotamian region. 美索不达米亚地区 / 两河流域的一个讲闪语的民族 Of all the peoples (i.e. the Sumerians, Akkadians, Amorites, Phoenicians, Assyrians) that lived in the Mesopotamian region, the Hebrews are the only ones that survive today. 美索不达米亚地区生活过的 古民族中，唯一坚持到今天的一个民族。

66. Brief history Originally living in the Sumerian city of Ur 乌尔城 as nomads. 游牧部落。 2285 BC, the Hebrew leader Abraham led the Jews to migrate 迁徙 from Mesopotamia to Palestine, and settle down in Canaan 迦南地, a place of their own, “the Promised Land” 应许之地 by God. Years later, Abraham’s grandson, Jacob was renamed “Israel” 以色列 by God and his 12 sons became the chiefs 首领 of 12 tribes. Because of famine, Israel and his family left Canaan for Egypt. 因饥荒离开迦南，前往埃及. 1300 – 1250 BC, Exodus[ 出埃及 ] led by Mosses 摩 西. Received Ten Commandments 十诫 from God and returned to Canaan.

67. Brief history 1200 BC, arrival at Canaan 迦南地. Foundation of a united Kingdom of Israelite by Saul 扫罗 (1020-1000 BC). The wise kings: David 大卫 (1000-970 BC), Solomon 所罗门 (970-930BC), centralization of power. 930-922 BC, split into Judah 犹大王国 (capital: Jerusalem 耶路撒冷, 586 BC conquered by neo- Babylonians  diasporas 流散人口 ) and Israel 以 色列王国 (capital: Samaria 撒玛利亚, 721 BC conquered by the Assyrians) 53 BC, Palestine  a Roman province. Successive 连续不断的 foreign rulers.

69. Judaism 犹太教 2006, 14 million Judaists, 11 th largest organized religion. Earliest monotheism 最早的一神教. God is the creator and governor of the universe. Man created by God in his image. Heaven and hell; life after death; human soul, original sin. Hebrews (Jews) = God’s chosen people 上帝 的选民 through a covenant 盟约. > 600 rules and restrictions (Five Books of Moses 摩西五书 )

70. Christianity and Judaism Continuation 延续性 : Christianity developed around 1st cent. Grew out of Judaism. Christian Holy Bible = Old Testament 旧约 (The Hebrew Bible (Tanakh) + New Testament 新约 (Jesus and his teaching) Departure 分歧 : For Christians: Jesus Christ = the son of man (Jewish) and son of God. For Judaists: Jesus ≠ the Son of God. One covenant 契约 or two covenant? Who’s the chosen people? Judeo-Christian tradition

71. The chosen people? Population (2007): total- 13.2 m, 5.4 m in Israel (40.9%), 5.3 m in the US (40.2%). Strong Jewish lobbyism 游说. 1901 – 2006, 110 Noble Prize winners are of Jewish origin, 17%.

72. Contemporary history: Zionism 犹太复国主义 Back to homeland. Late 19 th century, rise of the Zionist Movement. 1897, the first Zionist Congress. 1922, International League put Palestine 巴勒斯 坦 under the British trusteeship. 英国托管 1922, foundation of Jordan 约旦 by the UK. Territory west to the Jordan River 约旦河西岸 reserved for the Jews. Eruption of Arabic and Jewish conflicts. 阿以冲突

73. Contemporary history of the Jews WWII, rise of German Nazism 纳粹主义. Holocaust 大屠杀 : 6 million Jewish killed, including 1.5 million children. ‘illegal emigration movement’: 85,000 Jews saved. 1947, UN Resolution 181 联合国 181 号决议 : 2 states in the Palestinian territory, 1 Jewish, 1 Arabic. 1948, foundation of Republic of Israel 以色列共和 国.

74. Israelite – Arab (Islam) conflict 1967, 6-Day War (3 rd Middle East War), Israel took over Gaza Stripe 加沙地带, West Bank 西岸, Golan Highland 戈兰高地, and Sinai, Egypt 西奈半岛, 1 million refugees 难民. Ongoing Palestine conflict.

75. Part Two: Origin of European Civilization 欧洲文化的起源 1. Introduction –1.1 What is civilization / culture? –1.2 What is Europe? 2. Civilizations in the Ancient Near East –2.1. The Mesopotamian Civilization –2.2. The ancient Egyptian Civilization –2.3. The Hebrew Culture 3. The Influences of Ancient Near Eastern Civilizations on the Western / European Culture

76. 1993, Oswyn Murray: “ the orientializing period ” 东方化时代. Culture is an open system: contact  interaction  learning.

77. Western/European culture had learnt … Science and technology, e.g.: decimal system 十进制, survey, mathematics, astronomy 天文学, wheel … Political system: Sumerian city state 城邦, divine kingship [ 神圣王权 ]. Legal system: Hammurabi ’ s Code 汉谟拉比法典 Language: Egyptian hieroglyphic 象形字 writing  Phoenician writing system  ancient Greek alphabetic system Religion: Egyptian religion  (?) Judaism  Christianity Literature Fine art and architecture: 举例

78. Influence on Ancient Greek architecture Pre-Dorian style column. Ancient Greece: Dorian  Corinth.

79. Obelisk [ 方尖碑 ] Material: single- pieced granite [ 花 岗岩 ] 。 Function: religion, commemoration 纪 念, decoration. symbol of the imperial power 王 权.