2. A. The Rise of Protestantism 1. The German Martin Luther (1483-1546) and French John Calvin (1509-1564) each took a prominent stand against the emphasis of the Catholic church upon ritual and hierarchy. 2. 1534: King Henry VIII creates the church of England 3. 1630: “Separatists” flee from England to show their disapproval of an increasingly ritual and liturgy-oriented Church of England. Establish Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1630.

3. A. “City on a Hill” 1. Puritans sought to purify the Church of England from within by creating a model society stripped of the adornments of the Church of England B. Calvinism and Predestination 1. All events are pre-determined by God, including people’s salvation

4. A. “Great Migration” (1629-40) 1. As they gain the reputation of a prosperous society, the colonies take on more immigrants motivated by wealth rather than piety. B. Self Doubt 1. Faced with the difficulties of feuds with Native American populations, an increasingly secular flow of immigrants, some puritans began to doubt their status as “chosen” by God

5. 27 were convicted of witchcraft 50 “confessed” 20 died as accused witches Scholars generally believe that the embarrassment the followed the witch trials lead the colonies away from dogma and piety.

6. A. Content over Style B. Didactic, must serve the purpose of religious edification C. The sermon becomes the chief rhetorical form 1. Cotton Mather 2. John Winthrop D. Poetry 1. Anne Bradstreet

7. E. Diaries, Journals and “Spiritual Autobiographies” 1. Journals and diaries show Puritan desire to read God into their daily lives and find proof that they are “chosen.”