1. Dugong conservation in Australia, in theory and in practice Helene Marsh

2. In Australia, dugongs are subject to multiple impacts Boat strikes Net entanglements Habitat loss from terrestrial runoff Hunting Boat noise

3. Tools used for Protecting Dugongs in Australia Regulations –Closure areas –Fishing restrictions –Boat speed limits –Permits and conditions (for tourism) –Hunting protocols –Controls on terrestrial runoff Education Research and monitoring

4. Spatial zoning in Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Pink – no go Green – no take – National Parks Yellow- no commercial fishing (no netting)

5. Fishing Restrictions Dugong Protection Areas –Significant dugong habitat areas Two types: –Zone A (red) Most set and drift nets prohibited Modifications for continued netting –Zone B (yellow) Netting allowed with restrictions

6. Boating in Dugong Areas Disturbance interruption of normal daily behaviour (accumulative effects) displacement stress Boat strikes injury death

7. Dugongs’ Reactions to Boats Preliminary results: –Often move away from direction of boat –Don’t move quickly enough for fast boats –Move a certain distance away and remain there as repeated boat passes continue –Collisions more important than habitat displacement

8. Speed Limits Go Slow Zones –e.g. Turtle and Dugong Go Slow Zone –Illegal to travel above planing speed –Patrol area and give on the spot fines –Many people still speed Signs Education

9. Speed Limits Transit Lanes –Voluntary use of specified transit lanes where vessels can travel at 25 knots –Voluntary speed limits of 10 knots outside these lanes on shallow seagrass banks –Lanes encourage boats to use deeper water – some boaters don’t like this –Overall community support –Still under review Boat ramp surveys Rangers checking

10. Dugong Tourism Two types of tourism –Dugong watching from boats –Dugong swim tours Regulations in Australia –Two areas where dugong watching from boats occurs: Queensland – single operator Western Australia - 3 operators in a single bay –No permits exist for dugong swim tours (i.e. currently illegal), but there are permits for swimming with whales and dolphins

11. Dugong Watching From Boats Only one trip per day per boat, in a specified area Boat Speed –While approaching: <5 knots / planing when within 100m –While leaving: <5 knots when / planing when within 300m –Motor off when within 40/50 metres Boat Movements –No head-on approach –No herding or intercepting Interaction –Maximum 15 minutes per interaction (dugong within 40/50m) –End if dugong disturbed or alarmed –End if dugong moves away (do not pursue) –No swimming, diving or entering the water –No feeding or touching dugong

12. Hunting Protocol Traditional hunting defined by purpose of hunt rather than method Hunting only allowed for traditional inhabitants of a region (Native Title right) Subsistence hunting only - sale of meat or by products such as tusks and bone not allowed Usually only allowed to use a ‘wap’ (harpoon) –nets banned

13. Ensuring Sustainable Hunting Options: –Community dugong hunting permits Community issued a permit and is divided between community members –Declaring official hunting areas –Quotas Can be applied to individuals or community –Community based monitoring Managing hunting/poaching needs community involvement –Closed seasons Hunting in southern Great Barrier Reef –Bans No permits for hunting in southern GBR region

14. Flood plumes Almost all pollutants discharged into Great Barrier Reef region during major flood events

15. Estimated area of maximum risk from contaminated terrestrial runoff Area contains 438 inshore reefs 462 km 2 of seagrass beds and large estuarine areas

16. Subtidal diuron (herbicide) concentrations Diuron ranged from <0.1-10.1 µg kg -1 Concentrated in wet tropics Diuron significantly reduces seagrass photosynthesis

17. 210 14 18 28 97 65 33 20 0 100 200 300 Dugong, GBR Hector'sDolphin, NZ Fur seal, Antarctic Seal, Germany Harbour Porpoise Seal, Greenland Baikal Seal Orca Whale Dalls Porpoise pg OCDD g fat Comparison of OCDD levels in marine mammals worldwide

18. Where to from here (rehabilitation & prevention) Restore riparian vegetation - $US 30,000 per km 2 Restore freshwater wetlands - $US 3,500 per ha Fence streams to prevent cattle access –$US 150,000 for 400 km Tailwater capture for irrigated cropping Closed cycle aquaculture Ban some pesticides Management of fertilizer use

19. Progress in 2002 MOU between Prime Minister and Qld Premier to address the issue “No regrets” policy – implement what stakeholders agree on Then move to address next issue

20. Education Training Courses –e.g. Endangered species awareness course (Fishing Industry Training Council) Encouraged as a prerequisite for holding a commercial net fishing licence Brochures –e.g. Transit Lanes Signs –e.g. Boat ramps in Dugong Protection areas

22. Research and Monitoring Distribution and abundance –Aerial surveys to monitor distribution and estimate abundance Identify important habitats Estimate sustainable catch quotas Satellite tracking to study movements and fine scale habitat use Genetic study on relationship between stocks in Australia and South East Asia Impacts of boats Effects of terrestrial runoff on seagrass as food for dugongs

23. Conclusions Multiple impacts  need a ‘toolbox’ of approaches to ensure conservation Need to involve community

24. Lessons for Vietnam Identify areas that still support significant numbers of dugongs Consider with extensive local involvement how dugong mortality can be minimised and their habitat protected If possible, protect dugongs in the context of comprehensive plans for coastal zone management using the dugong as a flagship species