1. Scholarly Publishing in Flux: Economic$ Access Use
&
Use
Barbara DeFelice
Director,
Digital Resources Program
Dartmouth College
SchCom101
ACRL NEC SchComSIG
July 23, 2009
Dartmouth College, Hanover NH

2. Points Current economic models Cost and Price Limitations on access
Open access variations
Changing roles: scholars, publishers & librarians
Engaging in the conversations-small group exercise using scenarios

3. gift economy Authors Publisher Readers $ $
Articles
Journals
Authors
Publisher
Readers $ $
“payment” comes from other system/s
(P&T, grants, prestige, etc.)
From Lee Van Orsdel’s “Economics” ACRL SchCom 101

4. $2023/year

5. Motivations of scholars/creators
Publish or Perish
Credit, attribution & visibility
Find and build upon previous work
Advancement of knowledge, science, medicine & the arts
Literacy
Others?
Motivations of commercial & society publishers
Profit for shareholders
Funds to run the society
Attract authors, editors, reviewers
Control content to repackage and resell
Invest in technology

6. Results Libraries Publishers “Inelastic Market” Consolidation
Library budgets cannot keep up with price increases
Library budgets cannot stretch to purchase or license new kinds of content
Libraries
Publishers
Canceled journals/created new competitive journals
Bundled journals/tie print to online
Cut book purchases
Required multi-year contracts
Formed buying consortia
Merged & consolidated
Fought mergers
Raised prices
Developed model license to resist restrictions
Increased revenue via restrictive licensing
Adapted from Lee Van Orsdel’s ACRL SchCom 101 “Economics”

7. “Sticker Shock” $16,000 Journal of Applied Polymer Science OR
32 heifers for Heifer International
See Cornell’s “Sticker Shock” STM journals display
Humanities are not immune from “Sticker Shock”
$6,6000 for one year of access to
Literature Online (LION)
after you paid $115, to own it OR
Dartmouth Alumni Trip “Celtic Lands” 12 day cruise
$1, for Russian Literature OR
a week in Moscow incl RT flight from Boston

8. Scholarly Journal Publishing: the Costs
Cost Element
Percent of costs
Refereeing (peer review)
22%
Editorial & typesetting (typesetting not needed in e-only journals
33%
Physical production & distribution (not needed for e-only journals)
23%
Subscription Management
(not needed in author pays) 7%
Sales & Marketing
13%
Promotion to authors 2%
Based on table on page 13 of Wellcome 2004 “Costs and Business Models of Scientific Research Publishing

9. Scholarly STM Journal Publishing
STM = $16.1 Billion in revenues in 2006
$5.8 Billion or 36% to 5 publishers
Elsevier, Kluwer Health, Springer, ACS, Wiley/Blackwell
10.3 billion to 1900 publishers
Total cost/article mid-quality e-journals (40-50% rejection)
Author-pays:$ Subscriber pays: $1425 1
Total cost/article average from Clarke’s Cost Profiles paper:
Non-Profit =$ Profit=$3,700 2
Est. 2K revenue per article 1
1 Wellcome Trust 2004 “Costs and Business Models in Scientific Research Publishing”
2 Roger Clarke, The Cost profiles of alternative approaches to journal publishing, First Monday, 2007
Some summary data also from Lee Van Orsdel’s ACRL SchCom 101 “Economics”

10. cost and quality ratios—not what scholars think
9% $
62%
citations
91%
dollars
38%
citations

11. Scholarly Humanities & Social Sciences Journal Publishing
New study:
"The Future of Scholarly Journals Publishing Among Social Science and Humanities Associations”
Average total cost in 2007 to publish an article in
one of the eight journals analyzed=$9,994
4 in Humanities
4 in Social Sciences, included in the big for-profits so costs are similar
Why?
Lower acceptance rates, higher number of pages, 32% of
content contributed by paid staff, print production & distribution
Humanities Journals Cost Much More to Publish Than Science Periodicals

12. Scholarly Publishing old thinking Serials Crisis Editor Academic
From Lee Van Orsdel’s “Basics” ACRL SchCom 101
Scholarly Publishing
old thinking
Serials Crisis
Editor
Academic
Library
Publisher
cost
Peer Reviewers
budget

13. * * * * Scholarly Communications System * Serials Crisis editor
rewards * *
open access
Serials Crisis
new business models *
copyrights
editor
Academic
Library
cost
budget
Publisher
Peer Review *
grants
university
taxpayers *
OA mandates
From Lee Van Orsdel’s “Basics” ACRL SchCom 101

14. ALPSP Academic journal publishers' policies and practices 3 yr update
Open access advocacy has changed policies
Pricing models complex & varied
Licensing terms better for teaching & learning
Authors post their final version BUT not the final accepted version
30% of publishers offer optional open access BUT author pays open access option is not popular
From: The Association of Learned and Professional Society Publishers (ALPSP) key findings from the survey Academic journal publishers’ policies and practices in online publishing, 3rd edition, 2008

15. Economic Climate Affects
IOCLC statement
ARL statement
Lexis Nexis 0% increase but had a 735M in profit in 2008)
Bergstrom et al request for “Big Deal” details

16. Many Models on Trial
Many examples; this one from Sarah Shreeves ACRL SchCom 101 “Openness”

17. Many examples; this one from Sarah Shreeves ACRL SchCom 101 “Openness”

18. Open Humanities Press
Open Humanities Press journals: fully peer reviewed, scholarly publications that have been chosen by OHP's editorial advisory board for their outstanding contribution to contemporary theory.
Univ. Michigan’s Scholarly
Publishing Office OHP
monographic series
in Digital Culture

19. Like Open Source Enabled by technology Dependent on the gift economy
Found both inside and outside of traditional models of software development, scholarship and publishing
Supported by a variety of business models

20. Open Access Right or Wrong?
Open access means no copyright
Open access is free
Open access always means the author pays
Open access will destroy peer review
Open access will destroy small scholarly society publishers
Open access is the answer
Adapted from Sarah Shreeves ACRL SchCom101 “Openness”

21. (self, institutional, disciplinary) ‘green’
Roads to Open Access
Some dead-ends?
Open access after a while
Science after 12 months
Univ. Rochester Press 6 months
Open Access Publishing (journals & books)
‘gold’
3920 OA journals in Directory of Open Access Journals
Hybrid-subscription
author pays OA fee
Archiving
(self, institutional, disciplinary)
‘green’
For-profit open access
BioMedCentral/Springer

22. Open Access Publishing (‘Gold’)
Publication that is free & open for anyone to access
Like “Toll Access” peer reviewed journals or edited books except free to the reader
Multiple financial models including institution or funder supported OR author-supported
(2006 – 47% author supported)
Usually allow authors to retain copyright and/or license under creative commons

23. Open Access Publishing (‘Green’)
Literature published through traditional channels that is made openly available through deposit in a repository or placing on web site
Institutional, departmental, or discipline based repository
Range of publisher policies on deposit
Often post-prints (final author manuscript) can be deposited but publisher version cannot
Copyright issues murky
Discipline based repositories often rooted in cultures used to sharing but faculty use of institutional repositories not strong
Questions of authority of pre-print/post-print and multiple versions

24. Hybrid models Subscription based journals
Author can pay to make article open access
Publisher
Price
Notes
Elsevier Sponsored Article
$3,000
A few journals
Oxford Open
$1,500 / 3,000
Lower price if institution subscribes; some journals
Springer Open Choice
All journals
Wiley Funded Access
Some journals
American Chemical Society AuthorChoice
As low as $1,000
Lowest price if institution subscribes & have personal membership
Plant Physiology
$1,000 / Free
OA free for members of ASPB
From Sarah Shreeves “Openness” ACRL SchCom 101

25. University Presses Support OA
10 University Press Directors on Free Access to Scholarly Journal Articles:
support the dissemination of scholarly research
support the free access to scientific, technical, and medical journal articles
no later than 12 months after publication
support the principle that scholarly research fully funded by governmental entities
is a public good
support legislation that strengthens this principle
oppose legislation designed to weaken it
support the archiving and free release of the final,
published version of scholarly journal articles
will work ….to determine strategies concerning dissemination options
Florida, Akron,UPNE, Athabasca, Wayne State, Calgary, Michigan, Rockefeller,
Penn State, and Massachusetts University Presses
In reaction to the American Association of University Presses, supporting the
Conyers bill without consultation

26. Openness enables:
Contribution
Participation
Broad access without barriers of place or privilege
Use & reuse with few or no restrictions
New
Ideas Knowledge Art Literature Science Medicine
How will creators, publishers and librarians create a sustainable future that supports these benefits?

27. References & Sources ACRL Scholarly Communcation Toolkit
Bergstrom, Carl and Ted Bergstrom,2001 and The economics of scholarly journal publishing, original report & 5 year update
Bergstrom, Ted. Papers on Journal Pricing
Clarke, Roger. The Cost-Profiles of Alternative Approaches to Journal-Publishing. December 2007 First Monday
Cox, John & Laura Cox, Academic journal publishers’ policies and practices in online publishing,
3rd edition 2008, the Association of Learned and Professional Society Publishers (ALPSP) Survey 2008
Journal Cost-Effectiveness Search for price per article or citation
Wellcome Trust (2004) Costs and business models in scientific research publishing.

28. Credits
Slide 1: “Open Access” image flickr CC site under Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 Generic license
Slides 3, 10, 12 & 13 : from ACRL Scholarly Communication 101 “Economics” powerpoint talk by Lee Van Orsdel
Slide 6: Modified from Scholarly Communication 101 “Economics” powerpoint talk by Lee Van Orsdel
Slides 12, 16,19, 21, 22, 23, 24 & 25: modified from ACRL Scholarly Communication 101 powerpoint talk “Openness: Contribute, Access, Use” by Sarah Shreeves
Slide 20: “Open Access: Dawn of a New Day” by Gideon Burton, flickr CC site used under a Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 2.0 Generic license
All slides used under a Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 license

29. Scholarly Publishing in Flux: Economics, Access & Use by Barbara DeFelice, was developed for ACRL NEC SchCom SIG Scholarly Communications 101 workshop and is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 United States License
Last updated 7/27/09