1. Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Chapter 12: Databases

2. Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Computing Essentials 2012: Making IT Work for You 12-2 McGraw-Hill Competencies (Page 1 of 2) Distinguish between the physical and logical views of dataDistinguish between the physical and logical views of data Describe how data is organized: characters, fields, records, tables, and databasesDescribe how data is organized: characters, fields, records, tables, and databases Define key fields and compare batch versus real-time processingDefine key fields and compare batch versus real-time processing Describe databases, including the need for databases, and database management systems (DBMS)Describe databases, including the need for databases, and database management systems (DBMS)

3. Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Computing Essentials 2012: Making IT Work for You 12-3 McGraw-Hill Competencies (Page 2 of 2) Describe the five common database models: hierarchical, network, relational, multidimensional, and object-oriented.Describe the five common database models: hierarchical, network, relational, multidimensional, and object-oriented. Distinguish among individual, company, distributed, and commercial databases.Distinguish among individual, company, distributed, and commercial databases. Discuss strategic database uses and security concerns.Discuss strategic database uses and security concerns.

4. Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Computing Essentials 2012: Making IT Work for You 12-4 McGraw-Hill Introduction to Databases Like a library, secondary storage is designed to store informationLike a library, secondary storage is designed to store information End users need to understandEnd users need to understand –How such stored information is organized using data field, records, files and databases –The different types of databases and structures Competent end users need to be able to find information that is stored in databasesCompetent end users need to be able to find information that is stored in databases

5. Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Computing Essentials 2012: Making IT Work for You 12-5 McGraw-Hill Data Examples of data includeExamples of data include –Facts or observations about people, places, things, and events –Audio, music, photographs, and video Two ways to view dataTwo ways to view data –Physical view –Logical view

6. Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Computing Essentials 2012: Making IT Work for You 12-6 McGraw-Hill Data Organization CharacterCharacter FieldField RecordRecord FileFile TableTable DatabaseDatabase Key FieldKey Field Batch Versus Real-Time ProcessingBatch Versus Real-Time Processing

7. Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Computing Essentials 2012: Making IT Work for You 12-7 McGraw-Hill Key Field Unique identifier also known as primary fieldUnique identifier also known as primary field Common examplesCommon examples –Social Security Number –Student Identification Numbers –Employee Identification Numbers –Part Numbers –Inventory Numbers

8. Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Computing Essentials 2012: Making IT Work for You 12-8 McGraw-Hill Batch Processing Batch processingBatch processing –Data is collected over a period of time and the processing happens later all at one time

9. Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Computing Essentials 2012: Making IT Work for You 12-9 McGraw-Hill Real-Time Processing Real-time processingReal-time processing –Also known as online processing because it happens immediately during the transaction

10. Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Computing Essentials 2012: Making IT Work for You 12-10 McGraw-Hill Databases Collection of integrated dataCollection of integrated data –Logically related files and records Databases address data redundancy and data integrityDatabases address data redundancy and data integrity Need for databasesNeed for databases Database managementDatabase management

11. Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Computing Essentials 2012: Making IT Work for You 12-11 McGraw-Hill Need for Databases SharingSharing SecuritySecurity Less data redundancyLess data redundancy Data integrityData integrity

12. Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Computing Essentials 2012: Making IT Work for You 12-12 McGraw-Hill Database Management DBMS engineDBMS engine Data definition subsystemData definition subsystem –Data dictionary Data manipulation subsystemData manipulation subsystem –Query-by-example –Structured query language (SQL) Application generation subsystemApplication generation subsystem Data administration subsystemData administration subsystem

13. Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Computing Essentials 2012: Making IT Work for You 12-13 McGraw-Hill DBMS Structure DBMS programs are designed to work with data that is logically structured or arrangedDBMS programs are designed to work with data that is logically structured or arranged Data models define rules and standards for data in a databaseData models define rules and standards for data in a database Five common data models areFive common data models are –Hierarchical database Hierarchical databaseHierarchical database –Network database Network databaseNetwork database –Relational database Relational databaseRelational database –Multidimensional database Multidimensional databaseMultidimensional database –Object-oriented database Object-oriented databaseObject-oriented database

14. Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Computing Essentials 2012: Making IT Work for You 12-14 McGraw-Hill Hierarchical Database Fields or records are structured in nodesFields or records are structured in nodes Nodes are points connected like branchesNodes are points connected like branches One parent per node; a parent has several child nodes (one-to-many relationship)One parent per node; a parent has several child nodes (one-to-many relationship) Return

15. Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Computing Essentials 2012: Making IT Work for You 12-15 McGraw-Hill Network Database Hierarchical node arrangementHierarchical node arrangement Each child node may have more than one parent node (many-to-many relationship)Each child node may have more than one parent node (many-to-many relationship) Additional nodes are called pointersAdditional nodes are called pointers Nodes can be reached through multiple pathsNodes can be reached through multiple paths Return

16. Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Computing Essentials 2012: Making IT Work for You 12-16 McGraw-Hill Relational Database Data stored in table called a relationData stored in table called a relation Tables consist of rows and columnsTables consist of rows and columns Tables related via a common data itemTables related via a common data item Return

17. Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Computing Essentials 2012: Making IT Work for You 12-17 McGraw-Hill Multidimensional Database A variation and an extension of the relational model to include additional dimensions, sometimes called a data cubeA variation and an extension of the relational model to include additional dimensions, sometimes called a data cube Good for representing complex relationshipsGood for representing complex relationships Advantages over relationalAdvantages over relational –Conceptualization –Processing speed Return

18. Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Computing Essentials 2012: Making IT Work for You 12-18 McGraw-Hill Object-Oriented Database Works with unstructured dataWorks with unstructured data –Photographs –Audio –Video Objects contain both data and instructionsObjects contain both data and instructions Organize using objects, classes, entities, attributes, and methodsOrganize using objects, classes, entities, attributes, and methods Return

19. Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Computing Essentials 2012: Making IT Work for You 12-19 McGraw-Hill Types of Databases IndividualIndividualIndividual Company or sharedCompany or sharedCompany or sharedCompany or shared DistributedDistributedDistributed CommercialCommercialCommercial

20. Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Computing Essentials 2012: Making IT Work for You 12-20 McGraw-Hill Individual Databases Also called a microcomputer databaseAlso called a microcomputer database Integrated file collection for one person usually under the person’s direct controlIntegrated file collection for one person usually under the person’s direct control Generally stored on the user’s hard-disk drive or on a LAN file serverGenerally stored on the user’s hard-disk drive or on a LAN file server Return

21. Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Computing Essentials 2012: Making IT Work for You 12-21 McGraw-Hill Company or Shared Databases Usually stored on a central database server and managed by a database administratorUsually stored on a central database server and managed by a database administrator Users throughout a company can access the database through the company’s networksUsers throughout a company can access the database through the company’s networks Return

22. Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Computing Essentials 2012: Making IT Work for You 12-22 McGraw-Hill Distributed Databases Database is located in a place or places other than where users are locatedDatabase is located in a place or places other than where users are located Typically, database servers on a client/server network provide the link between users and the distant dataTypically, database servers on a client/server network provide the link between users and the distant data Return

23. Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Computing Essentials 2012: Making IT Work for You 12-23 McGraw-Hill Commercial Databases Generally an enormous database developed by an organization to cover particular subjectsGenerally an enormous database developed by an organization to cover particular subjects Access is offered to the public or selected outside individuals for a feeAccess is offered to the public or selected outside individuals for a fee Most commercial databases are designed for organizational and individual useMost commercial databases are designed for organizational and individual use Also referred to as information utilities or data banksAlso referred to as information utilities or data banks Return

24. Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Computing Essentials 2012: Making IT Work for You 12-24 McGraw-Hill Database Uses and Issues Strategic usesStrategic uses –Special type of database called data warehouse –Data mining is used to search databases for information and patterns SecuritySecurity –Databases are valuable –Protection necessary Security: electronic fingerprint scanner

25. Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Computing Essentials 2012: Making IT Work for You 12-25 McGraw-Hill Careers In IT Database administratorsDatabase administrators –Determine the most efficient ways to organize and access a company’s data –Responsible for database security and backing up the system Employers look for individuals withEmployers look for individuals with –Bachelors degree in Computer Science –Technical experience Database administrators can expect to earn $48,500 to $85,000 annuallyDatabase administrators can expect to earn $48,500 to $85,000 annually

26. Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Computing Essentials 2012: Making IT Work for You 12-26 McGraw-Hill A Look to the Future Every Book Ever Written … at Your FingertipsEvery Book Ever Written … at Your Fingertips –Massive amounts of digital storage are now available and affordable –Google Book Search contains millions of book

27. Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Computing Essentials 2012: Making IT Work for You 12-27 McGraw-Hill Open-Ended Questions (Page 1 of 2) Describe the five logical data groups or categories.Describe the five logical data groups or categories. What is the difference between batch processing and real-time processing?What is the difference between batch processing and real-time processing? Identify and define the five parts of DBMS programs.Identify and define the five parts of DBMS programs.

28. Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Computing Essentials 2012: Making IT Work for You 12-28 McGraw-Hill Open-Ended Questions (Page 2 of 2) Describe each of the five common database models.Describe each of the five common database models. What are some of the benefits and limitations of databases? Why is security a concern?What are some of the benefits and limitations of databases? Why is security a concern?