1. Energy Flow in the Biosphere, Chapter 3-1 & 3-2

2. ________ __________  ___________ ATOMS
INTEREST GRABBER- THINK BACK TO CHAPTER 7
MOLECULES
ORGANELLES
________ __________  ___________
ATOMS
IMAGE SOURCES: see last slide

3. ____________  ____________ 
CELLS
TISSUES
____________  ____________ 
Similar cells working together
IMAGE SOURCES: see last slide

4. ___________  __________ ___________
ORGAN SYSTEMS
ORGANS
ORGANISM
___________  __________ ___________
Different tissues working together
Different organs working together
IMAGE SOURCES: see last slide

5. ___________________________________
ORGANISMS
POPULATIONS
COMMUNITY
___________________________________
SAME SPECIES LIVING TOGETHER
IN AN AREA
Ex: “herd”
DIFFERENT
POPULATIONS
LIVING TOGETHER
IN AN AREA
BIOLOGY; Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall;2006

6. _______________________ _____________
ECOSYSTEMS
BIOMES
BIOSPHERE
_______________________ _____________
All the organisms that
live in a place together
with their NON-living
environment
Group of ecosystems
that have same climate
and similar communities
The portion of the planet
in which all life exists
IMAGE SOURCES: see last slide

7. Organisms so similar to one another that they can breed and produce fertile offspring = _____________
SPECIES

8. EX: Horse X donkey = mule
EX: Horse X donkey = mule
64 chromosomes
62 chromosomes
63 chromosomes
Horses and donkeys are different species.
If you breed them, the result is a mule
which can NOT have offspring!

9. The portion of the planet in which all life exists = _________________
The scientific study of interactions of organisms with each other and with their environment = ______________
The portion of the planet in which all life exists = _________________
(includes land, water, atmosphere)
ECOLOGY
BIOSPHERE
Extends from about
8 km above the Earth’s surface
to 11 km below the ocean’s surface

10. WHAT SHAPES AN ECOSYSTEM?
BIOTIC FACTORS
__________________
All the living things an
organism interacts with
All the non-living things that
affect an organism
Ex: climate, temperature, sunlight
soil, humidity, wind
ABIOTIC FACTORS
Images from: Pearson Education Inc; Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall

11. HABITAT __________________ = The area where an organism lives
A rattlesnake lives in a desert in the American Southwest
HABITAT

12. NICHE _____________ = place it lives PLUS the
_____________ & ______________
interactions it has in that place
NICHE includes: Where it lives PLUS . . .
What it eats? What eats it?
Where in the habitat it lives? In a tree, in a pond, underground
Its actions… hibernating, migrating, etc When & how it reproduces?
NICHE
biotic
abiotic

13. HABITAT vs NICHE? Habitat is like an address organism’s ____________
HABITAT vs NICHE?
Habitat is like an
organism’s ____________
Niche is like an
organism’s _Role in the Community
address

14. NO TWO SPECIES CAN SHARE THE SAME NICHE !
Competitive exclusion principle
= ______________________________
BIOLOGY; Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall; 2006

15. _____________ is the main source of energy for life on Earth.
ALL LIVING THINGS USE ENERGY
The Earth is SOLAR POWERED! The energy cannot be created or destroyed. It just changes forms.
_____________ is the main source of energy for life on Earth.
SUNLIGHT

16. AUTOTROPHS = PRODUCERS Can make their own food
ALL LIVING THINGS USE ENERGY
AUTOTROPHS = PRODUCERS Can make their own food
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Most autotrophs use _______________
to capture solar energy
Main producers on land
= green plants
In water = algae
BIOLOGY; MIller and Levine; Prentice Hall; 2006

17. Some autotrophs can make own food in the ____________________
They use energy stored in
________________ of
______________________to produce
carbohydrates = ___________________
Ex: Bacteria that
live in HOSTILE places
Like volcano vents, hot springs,
marshes
absence of light
chemical bonds
INORGANIC MOLECULES
CHEMOSYNTHESIS
BIOLOGY; MIller and Levine; Prentice Hall; 2006

18. HETEROTROPHS = ____________ Get energy from consuming other organisms
CONSUMERS
HETEROTROPHS = ____________ Get energy from consuming other organisms

19. HETEROTROPHS = CONSUMERS
HERBIVORES
________________ =
eat only plants
eat only animals
eat both plants & animals
CARNIVORES
OMNIVORES

20. HETEROTROPHS = CONSUMERS
DETRITIVORES
________________ =
feed on plant & animal remains
EX: mites, earthworms,
snails, crabs
break down and absorb organic matter
EX: bacteria & fungi
DECOMPOSERS

21. ↑ ↑ CONSUMERS (Heterotrophs) PRODUCERS (Autotrophs)
Energy flows through an ecosystem in a series of steps in which organisms transfer energy by being eaten
CONSUMERS (Heterotrophs)
________________
_________________
= _________________ ↑ ↑
PRODUCERS (Autotrophs)
FOOD CHAIN

22. In most ecosystems feeding relationships are more complex
Pearson Education Inc, Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall
In most ecosystems feeding relationships are more complex
FOOD WEB
A ______________ links ALL the food chains in an ecosystem together.

23. PRODUCERS FIRST Each step in a food chain or web = _______________
ALWAYS
make up the
________
trophic level.
TROPHIC LEVEL
PRODUCERS
FIRST

24. Why only four levels and not five??? 10%
Lower levels must be
bigger to support the
level above.
Only about_____ of
the energy from
each level is passed
on.
Why only four levels and not five???
10%

25. Some energy is used for life processes such as growth, development,
movement,
metabolism,
transport, and
reproduction.
The rest is
lost as ________
HEAT

26. WHAT DO CELLS USE ENERGY FOR ?
ACTIVE TRANSPORT
Na+ - K + PUMP Endocytosis
Exocytosis
Animation from:
See a movie
Animation from:

27. WHAT DO CELLS USE ENERGY FOR ?
Movement
Synthesis of biomolecules
Meiosis:
Cilia:
Replication:
Transcription:
Translation:

28. Growth and Development REPRODUCTION
Family image from:

29. What Happens When The Food Web Changes?

30. What Happens When the Food Web Changes?
Everything is connected in an ecosystem
If one part of the food web changes it has a domino effect on the other species
Can cause increase and decrease in other populations
Is one species more important than another?

31. WAYS ORGANISMS INTERACT 4-2
WAYS ORGANISMS INTERACT 4-2

32. Ways organisms interact
______________________
Between SAME and DIFFERENT kinds of organisms Compete with each other for available resources
__________________________
Between DIFFERENT kinds of organisms
Hunt and kill other organisms to supply their energy needs
Between SAME kind of organisms
Live together and help each other
live in close association with another kind of organism
COMPETITION
PREDATION
COOPERATION
SYMBIOSIS

33. WHAT IS A RESOURCE? Examples: ________________________
____________________________________________
Examples:
________________________
Anything needed by an organism for life
Nutrients, water, light, space

34. COMPETITION FOOD Organisms in an ecosystem have to
compete with each other for available
resources.
FOOD

35. COMPETITION Organisms in an ecosystem have to
compete with each other for available resources:
shelter

36. COMPETITION mates Organisms in an ecosystem have to
compete with each other for available
resources
mates

37. COMPETITION space/territory Organisms in an ecosystem have to
compete with each other for available
resources:
space/territory
Prairie dogs - 5 to 35 per acre
Mountain lion- 1 male per sq. mi

38. COMPETITION LIGHT Organisms in an ecosystem have to
compete with each other for available
resources:
LIGHT

39. Ways organisms interact
PREDATION
___________________
Between DIFFERENT kinds of organisms
Hunt and kill other organisms to supply their energy needs

40. PREDATION
Organisms in an ecosystem that capture and eat other organisms to supply their energy needs

41. INTERDEPENDENCE All living and non-living things in an
ecosystem are interconnected and changing
even one thing impacts the whole ecosystem.
When one tugs at a single thing in nature,
he finds it attached to the rest of the world. 
~John Muir, naturalist, Sierra Club founder

42. COMPETITION
If resources are scarce, some organisms will starve and populations will decrease.
If resources become more plentiful, populations will increase.
Competition in nature often results
in a winner and a loser
. . . with the loser failing to survive!

43. If a nutrient is in _____________ OR __________________
it will LIMIT the growth of the
population = _____________
SHORT SUPPLY
CYCLES SLOWLY
LIMITING FACTOR
During this drought,
there was not enough food
available and many kangaroos
starved.

44. REMEMBER: EVERYTHING IS CONNECTED !
BIOLOGY; MIller and Levine; Prentice Hall; 2006
A decrease in the prey population means some predators will starve.
Fewer predators mean prey population will increase.
Increase in prey means more food for predators.
Predator population will increase until there is not enough food . . .
and the cycle repeats itself.

45. LIMITING NUTRIENT The short supply of a limiting nutrient keeps
the population
in check.
When an ecosystem receives a LARGE input
of limiting nutrient (ie.,fertilizer runoff) the
population increases dramatically = ___________
ALGAL BLOOM

46. Ways organisms interact
__________________
Between SAME kind of organisms
Live together and help each other
COOPERATION

47. COOPERATION Same species live together in groups EX: herds, packs, colonies, families, etc
Share food &
childcare responsibilities Groom each other
Take care of sick

48. COOPERATION Same species live together in groups EX: herds, packs, colonies, families, etc
Hunt in packs
Provide protection

49. Ways organisms interact
__________________________
Between DIFFERENT kinds of organisms
Live in close association with another kind of organism
SYMBIOSIS

50. 3 KINDS of SYMBIOSIS MUTUALISM ______________________ COMMENSALISM
Both organisms benefit
One organism benefits;
Other is neither harmed nor helped
_____________________
Other is harmed in some way
COMMENSALISM
PARASITISM

51. MUTUALISM “Good for me - Good for you”
Birds eat parasites living
on the hides of giraffes and rhinos while enjoying protection from predators.
Groomed animals lose their pests.

52. MUTUALISM “Good for me - Good for you”
Insects transfer pollen
between plants as they
gather nectar for food.

53. MUTUALISM “Good for me - Good for you”
Clown fish gets protection from enemies by hiding out in poisonous sea anemones
Sea anemone gets
scraps of leftover
food dropped
by fish

54. COMMENSALISM Pilot fish receive scraps of food dropped by shark;
“Good for me - Doesn’t bother you”
Pilot fish receive scraps of food dropped by shark;
Shark is neither harmed nor helped

55. COMMENSALISM “Good for me - Doesn’t bother you”
Hermit crabs make homes in shells abandoned by snails;
Snail is not harmed by crab

56. PARASITISM “Good for me - Hurts you”
Barnacles are crustaceans that attach to the surface of whales
and feed on their skin and fluids; Whale is harmed

57. PARASITISM “Good for me - Hurts you” Tick feeds on dog’s blood;
Tick feeds on dog’s blood;
Dog has discomfort, can get diseases/infection from bite

58. PARASITISM Tapeworms absorb food by living inside host intestine;
“Good for me - Hurts you”
Tapeworms absorb food by living inside host intestine;
host is harmed

59. SOUTH DAKOTA CORE SCIENCE STANDARDS
LIFE SCIENCE: Indicator 3: Analyze how organisms are linked to
one another and the environment.
9-12.L Students are able to identify factors that can cause changes in stability of populations, communities, and ecosystems.
Define populations, communities, ecosystems, niches
and symbiotic relationships.
Predict the results of biotic and abiotic interactions.
Examples:
Dormancy and migration Fluctuation in available resources (water, food, shelter) Biogeochemical cycles Energy flow Cooperation and competition in ecosystems

60. SOUTH DAKOTA CORE SCIENCE STANDARDS
LIFE SCIENCE: Indicator 3: Analyze how organisms are linked to one another
and the environment.
9-12.L Students are able to identify factors that can cause changes in stability of populations, communities, and ecosystems.
Define populations, communities, ecosystems, niches and symbiotic relationships.
Predict the results of biotic and abiotic interactions.
Examples:
Fluctuation in available resources (water, food, shelter) Energy flow

61. Core High School Life/Earth Science Performance Descriptors
High school students performing at the ADVANCED level:
predict the effect of an interruption in a given cycles
High school students performing at the
PROFICIENT level:
predict how life systems respond to changes in the environment;
explain how H20, N, C, and O cycle between living and non-living systems;
describe how various factors may affect global climate;
High school students performing at the BASIC level:
given pictorial representations of the H20 and C cycles explain how elements and compounds move between living and nonliving systems
describe one factor that may affect global climate

62. IMAGE BIBLIOGRAPHY
Paint image by Riedell
Paint image by Riedell

63. http://bioweb. wku. edu/courses/BIOL115/Wyatt/Biochem/Carbos/Carb_poly