1. Mrs. Atchison Health Science I
Endocrine System
Mrs. Atchison
Health Science I

2. Function of endocrine system
Endocrine glands - Secrete chemicals, hormones, directly into bloodstream. - Ductless glands Exocrine glands - Secrete substance through a duct i.e.Sweat, salivary, lacrimal and pancreas. Hormones = chemical substances that coordinate and direct target cells and organs.

3. Negative Feedback Drop in hormone level triggers chain reaction:
Blood level of hormone falls
Brain gets message and sends out hormone to stimulate gland
Gland secretes more hormone
When blood levels of hormone increase, the brain hormones stop

4. Nervous Control
In some cases, sympathetic nervous system causes direct release of hormone from gland
i.e. stress may cause the adrenal medulla to secrete adrenaline

5. What is a gland? Any organ that produces a secretion called hormones
It is ductless
Only acts on Target cells

6. Question
Hormone release provides immediate body responses because the hormones are directed toward: 
A.  cardiac cells. 
B.  cyclic AMP cells. 
C.  synaptic junctions. 
D.  target organ cells

7. Answer
Target organ cells

8. Pituitary Gland Tiny – size of a grape Base of brain
Connected to hypothalamus
Anterior / Posterior lobes
Cranial cavity
“Master Gland”

9. Anterior Pituitary Lobe
GH – Growth hormone (somatotropin) responsible for growth and development
Prolactin – develops breast tissue, stimulates production of milk after childbirth
TSH – Thyroid stimulating hormone – stimulates thyroid cells to produce thyroid hormone = thyroxine (low TSH treated with synthroid)
ACTH – Adrenocortiocotropic hormone – stimulates adrenal cortex

10. Question
Jackie complained to his/her doctor about nervousness, and weight loss even though he/she has had increased food intake. Laboratory tests revealed that Jackie had an elevated level of which hormone? 
A.  Adrenaline 
B.  Glucagon 
C.  Parathormone 
D.  Thyroxin

11. Answer
Thyroxin

12. Anterior Pituitary cont’d
FSH – Follicle stimulating hormone – stimulates growth of follicle and production of estrogen in females and sperm in males LH – Luteinizing hormone – stimulates ovulation and formation of corpus luteum, which produces progesterone in females

13. Posterior Pituitary Lobe
Vasopressin – converts to ADH (antidiuretic hormone) in the bloodstream, acts on kidney to concentrate urine and preserve water in the body Oxytocin – released during childbirth causing contractions of the uterus

14. Question The pituitary gland is located: A. at the base of the brain.
B.  atop the kidney. 
C.  in the chest. 
D.  in the pelvic cavity. 

15. answer
At the base of the brain

16. Question Which gland is divided into anterior and posterior lobes?
A.  Gonads 
B.  Pituitary 
C.  Thymus 
D.  Thyroid 

17. Answer
Pituitary

18. Question
The pregnant woman began to have contractions of the uterus in preparation for childbirth. What is the name of the hormone that initiated her contractions?
A.  Follicle stimulating hormone 
B.  Luteinizing hormone 
C.  Oxytocin 
D.  Prolactin 

19. Answer
oxytocin

20. Thyroid Gland
Thyroid Gland 1. Butterfly-shaped mass of tissue. 2. On either side of larynx, in front of the trachea. 3. H-shaped.

21. Thyroid – stimulating hormone (stimulates cellular metabolism) – Main hormone Thyroxine – controlled by secretion of TSH – controls rate of metabolism Calcitonin – controls calcium ion concentration in the body – prevents hypercalcemia

22. Question
Which gland is butterfly-shaped and located in the anterior neck on either side of the larynx? 
A.  Gonads 
B.  Pituitary 
C.  Thymus 
D.  Thyroid

23. Answer
Thyroid

24. Parathyroid Glands 4 glands size of a grain of rice
Attached to posterior thyroid
Produce parathormone which helps control blood calcium, prevents hypocalcemia.

25. Thymus Gland
Endocrine and lymphatic organ Behind sternum, above and in front of heart Begins to disappear at puberty Produces Thymosin – reacts upon lymphoid tissue to produce T-lymphocytes

26. Question Which gland is posterior to the sternum A. Parathyroid
B.  Pituitary 
C.  Thymus 
D.  Thyroid 

27. answer
thymus

28. Adrenal Glands Adrenal Glands – above kidneys
Adrenal cortex secretes corticoids (anti-inflammatory hormones) and sex hormones
Androgens – Male sex hormones
Adrenalin – hormone from adrenal medulla, powerful cardiac stimulant, “fight or flight” hormone – response to stress
Adrenal Medulla also secretes nor epinephrine – increases BP and heart rate and constricts blood vessels.

29. Question
In an emergency situation, the "fight or flight" hormone will increase the heart rate and blood pressure. This hormone is:
A.  ADH. 
B.  adrenalin. 
C.  insulin. 
D.  thyroxin. 

30. Answer
adrenalin

31. Question
The adrenal glands are located directly above the kidneys and are: 
A.  composed of only a few cells. 
B.  divided into the cortex and medulla. 
C.  exocrine glands. 
D.  pine-shaped.

32. Answer B

33. Question
A small child was being chased by a large dog. Out of fear, the child ran really fast. Which hormone enabled the child to get away from the dog? 
A.  Adrenal 
B.  Parathyroid 
C.  Pineal 
D.  Thymus 

34. Answer
adrenal

35. Question
On his way to work, the student witnessed a traffic accident. His heart rate increased and his mental alertness improved as he assisted the victims. The student’s response result from the release of: 
A.  corticosteroids. 
B.  epinephrine. 
C.  parathromone. 
D.  thyroxin. 

36. Answer
epinepherine

37. Gonads
Gonads – ovaries in female and testes in male Estrogen – Development of female reproductive organs, secondary sex characteristics Progesterone – Plays a part in the menstrual cycle Testosterone – Male reproductive organs and secondary sex characteristics

38. Question
A 19 year old male that has not begun to develop chest hair, a deep voice, or increased muscle mass may be deficient in which hormone? 
A.  Estrogen 
B.  Insulin 
C.  Progesterone 
D.  Testosterone 

39. Answer
Testosterone

40. Question
A teenage girl that has undeveloped breasts and has not started her menstrual cycle indicates that a hormone deficiency exists. What hormone is deficient?
A.  Estrogen 
B.  Insulin 
C.  Oxytocin 
D.  Testosterone

41. Answer
estrogen

42. Steroid Abuse-has side effects

43. Steroid testing

44. question
Liver damage, heart disease, testicular changes, and breast growth in males are symptoms of
A.  Addison’s disease. 
B.  Cushing’s syndrome. 
C.  hyperthyroidism. 
D.  steroid abuse. 

45. Answer
steroids

46. Pancreas
Pancreas – abdominal cavity behind the stomach Endocrine and exocrine functions Islets of Langerhans – Insulin production. Insulin promotes utilization of glucose by the cells – lowers blood sugar levels

47. Question Which endocrine gland contains the Islets of Langerhans?
A.  Brain stem 
B.  Liver 
C.  Pancreas 
D.  Thymus 

48. Answer
pancreas

49. Question
Janie has hyperglycemia and is being treated with insulin. Which of Janie’s endocrine glands is functioning inefficiently?
A.  Adrenal 
B.  Pancreas 
C.  Pituitary 
D.  Thyroid 

50. Answer
pancreas

51. The breast feeding hormone
Prolactin

52. Question
The obstetrician instructs a new mother about the changes in her body He/she explains that her breast milk production is the result of
A.  growth hormone. 
B.  oxytocin. 
C.  prolactin. 
D.  vasopressin

53. Answer
prolactin

54. Question The pancreas is also an organ of the: A. circulatory system.
B.  digestive system. 
C.  lymphatic system. 
D.  respiratory system.

55. Answer
Digestive

56. Endocrine Disorders - Dwarfism
Hypofunction of pituitary in childhood
Small size, but body proportions and intellect normal
Sexual immaturity
Rx – Early diagnosis, injection of growth hormone

57. Gigantism
Gigantism
Hyperfunction of pituitary – Too much growth hormone
In preadolescence – Overgrowth of long bones leads to excessive tallness

58. Question
The endocrinologist saw a patient whose parents were concerned about their 8 year old child’s short stature. The physician suspects that the child may have a deficiency in: 
A.  growth hormone. 
B.  oxytocin. 
C.  prolactin. 
D.  vasopressin

59. Answer
Growth hormone

60. Acromegaly
Hyperfunction of pituitary – too much growth hormone in adulthood Overdevelopment of bones in face, hands and feet Attacks cartilage – so the chin protrudes - lips, nose and extremities enlarge Rx – drugs to inhibit growth hormone – radiation

62. Question
A 47 year old man went to see his doctor. When reviewing family pictures, the patient’s wife noted that her husband had developed enlarged hands, lips and nose, and that his chin protrudes more than it used to. Following some laboratory studies, the doctor diagnosed the patient with: 
A.  acromegaly. 
B.  Grave’s disease. 
C.  hypothyroidism. 
D.  toxic goiter

63. Answer
Acromegaly

64. Hyperthyroidism Overactive thyroid gland
Too much thyroxine leads to enlargement of gland
Symptoms – Consuming large quantities of food but lose weight – nervous irritability
Goiter – Enlargement of gland
Exophthalmos – Bulging of eyeballs
Trt – Partial or total removal of gland, drugs to reduce include thyroxine radiation

65. Hypothyroidism Not enough thyroxine
May be due to lack of iodine (simple goiter)
Other cause – inflammation of thyroid which destroys the ability of the gland to make thyroxine
Symptoms – Dry, itchy skin; dry and brittle hair, constipation, muscle cramps at night.

66. Exopthalmus-bulging eyes

67. Did you know?

68. Question
The endocrine disorder that could be prevented by using iodized salt is:
A.  acromegaly. 
B.  gigantism. 
C.  hyperthyroidism. 
D.  hypothyroidism 

69. Answer
hypothyroidism 

70. question
Terri has an excessive appetite but has trouble gaining weight. She also has exophthalmos. What disorder might she have? 
A.  Addison’s disease 
B.  Cushing’s syndrome 
C.  Hyperthyroidism 
D.  Steroid abuse 

71. Answer
Hyperthyroidism 

72. Tetany
In hypoparathyroidism, decreased calcium levels affect functions of nerves Symptoms – Convulsive twitching develops, person dies of spasms in the respiratory muscles Rx – Vitamin D, calcium and parathormone.

73. Diabetes Mellitus Cause – Decreased secretion of insulin
Symptoms – Polyuria, polyphagia, polydipsia, weight loss, blurred vision, and possible diabetic muscles.
If not treated, excess glucose in blood (hyperglycemia) and secreted in urine (glycosuria)
If too much insulin given, blood sugar can get too low (hypoglycemia) and person can develop insulin shock.
Type II diabetes is not insulin-dependent – Most common, usually familial, occurs later in life, usually treated with diet.
Test for diabetes – Blood sample at home, normal blood sugar is mg. – screening=urinalysis

74. Hyperglycemia (High Blood Glucose)
Causes: Too much food, too little insulin or diabetes medicine, illness or stress.
Onset: Gradual, may progress to diabetic coma.
Symptoms: Extreme thirst, frequent urination, dry skin, hunger, blurred vision, drowsiness, and nausea.
What can you do? Take blood glucose tests, and if over 250 mg/dL for several tests, call your doctor.

75. Hypoglycemia (Low Blood Glucose)
Causes: Too little food, too much insulin or diabetes medicine, or extra exercise.
Onset: Sudden, may progress to insulin shock.
Symptoms: Shaking, fast heartbeat, sweating, anxious, dizziness, hunger, impaired vision, weakness fatigue, headache, and irritablility.
What can you do? Drink ½ glass of orange juice or skim milk, or eat several hard candies, test your blood glucose; if symptoms don’t stop call your doctor, within 30 minutes after symptoms go away, eat a light snack (a ½ peanut butter or meat sandwich and a ½ glass of mik.

76. Question
Janie has hyperglycemia and is being treated with insulin. Which of Janie’s endocrine glands is functioning inefficiently? 
A.  Adrenal 
B.  Pancreas 
C.  Pituitary 
D.  Thyroid 

77. Answer
pancreas

78. Endocrine Terminology
1. Thyroxine – Regulates body metabolism 2. Adrenalin – Stimulates the heart to beat faster 3. Parathyroid – Regulates use of calcium 4. Parathormone – Control use of calcium phosphorus 5. Insulin – Secreted by pancreas 6. Calcitonin – Affects neuromuscular functioing, blood clotting, and holds cells together 7. Estrogen – Governs reproduction and fertility 8. Oxytocin – Causes the uterus to contract during labor 9. Gonad – Sex gland 10. ATCH – Hormone secreted by the pituitary gland

79. Endocrine Terminology Cont.
11. Acromegaly – Enlargement of bones of the extremities. 12. Adenectomy – Removal of any gland. 13. Adenoidectomy – Removal of the adenoids. 14. Adrenogenic – Originating in the adrenals. 15. Dwarfism – Condition of being abnormally small. 16. Endocrine – Ductless; to secrete within. 17. Endocrinotherapy – Treatment with endocrine preparation. 18. Exocrine – To secrete through a duct. 19.Goiter – Enlarged thyroid gland.

80. Endocrine Terminology Cont.
20. Goitrogens – Any substance that causes a goiter. 21. Lymphycytopenia – Deficiency of lymph cells. 22. Pancreatolysis – Breakdown of the pancreas. 23. Parathyrotoxicosis – Poisonous condition of the parathyroid. 24. Pinealoma – Tumor of the pineal gland. 25. Pituitarigenic – Originating in the pituitary. 26. Thyroadenitis – Inflammation of the thyroid gland.

81. Disorders of the ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Adrenal Cortex
Addison's disease- adrenal glands produce too little cortisol and often insufficient levels of aldosterone as well.
What is the cause of Addison’s disease?
What are the most common symptoms of Addison’s disease?
How is Addison’s disease treated?
4.04 Understand the functions and disorders of the endocrine system

82. Hyperpigmented skin

83. Treatment-Addison’s

84. Question
Trey has the appearance of a tan even during the winter months. During a physical exam, he had a low blood pressure and low blood sugar. These symptoms are indicative of: 
A.  Addison’s disease. 
B.  Cushing’s syndrome. 
C.  hyperthyroidism. 
D.  steroid abuse.

85. Answer
Addison’s Disease

86. Question
In an emergency situation, the "fight or flight" hormone will increase the heart rate and blood pressure. This hormone is: 
A.  ADH. 
B.  adrenalin. 
C.  insulin. 
D.  thyroxin

87. Answer
Adrenalin

88. Question
The 76 year old female was transported to the hospital following a fall. Upon examination, it was determined that she sustained a fracture of the head of her femur. This injury was likely related to: 
A.  acromegaly. 
B.  bone deformity. 
C.  myxedema. 
D.  osteoporosis.

89. Answer
osteoporosis

90. Cushing’s Disease high levels of the hormone cortisol Symptoms-
Women-Thicker or more visible body and facial hair (hirsutism), irregular or absent menstrual periods
Men-Decreased libido, decreased fertility, erectile dysfunction

91. Common Signs
Weight gain and fatty tissue deposits, particularly around the midsection and upper back, in the face (moon face), and between the shoulders (buffalo hump)
Pink or purple stretch marks (striae) on the skin of the abdomen, thighs, breasts and arms
Thinning, fragile skin that bruises easily
Slow healing of cuts, insect bites and infections
Acne