1. Codex-UK ´Gebrauchsgegenstände´ 3. Juni 2008 / BMGFJ Renewable vs. Biodegradable New materials for packaging technology Michael Pitzl ofi – Department Packaging Titelformat bearbeiten Austrian Research Institute for Chemistry and Technology - ofi www.ofi.at CROPACK 2010

2. www.ofi.at 2 An inconvient truth? Source: www.youtube.com 2010-02-18

3. www.ofi.at 3 Solution – Bioplastics?  Recent headlines: Coca-Cola Co announced the selective global roll-out of its new PET bottle made from up to 30 per cent plant materials such as sugar and molasses. Bioserie iPhone ® Case is really green!  Advertising slogan: Packaging without the guilt? Bioplastics Source: www.plasticsnews.com 2010-02-17 www.ubergizmo.com 2010-02-22

4. www.ofi.at 4 New materials?  Before 1940 approx. 80 % of commercially available biodegradable plastic and its monomers were discovered and described  1938 Polyethylen  In the 70s: Oil crises (1973) Set point for further development  In the 80s: Oil crises (1980) – pilot plants for bioplastics Oxodegrable products – inhibited the further development? Source: NARAYAN R. et al. 1994 www.n24.de 2010-02-17

5. www.ofi.at 5 Definition of Bioplastic  Up to now not fixed (CEN/TC 249/WG 17 planed release 2010)  According to European Bioplastics: Plastic based on renewable resources Biodegradable polymers which meet all criteria of scientifically recognized norms for biodegradability and compostability of plastics and plastic products (EU: EN 13432 / EN 14995, US: ASTM D-6400, ISO 17088).  NOT oxodegradable! Source: www.european-bioplastics.org 2010-02-17

6. www.ofi.at 6 Definition of Bioplastic Biodegradable material based on renewable ressources Biodegradable material based on petrochemical ressources Non degradable material based on renewable ressources Non degradable material based on petrochemical ressources (OXODEG.)

7. www.ofi.at 7 Development of the market  Capacity 2009 400.000 t worldwide  Small market, but high growth rates up to 10 % Source: www.european-bioplastics.org 2010-02-17

8. www.ofi.at 8 Research > Development > Pilot Plant > Commercialization > World-scale Plant > Industrial production State of development Source: bioplastics Magazine 03/2007

9. www.ofi.at 9 Biodegradable materials  In general 4 materials commercially available Starch-based polymers Polylactic acid Polyhydroxyalkanoates Cellulose derivates Chitosan?  Polymer blends and composites Source: www.basf.com 2008-09-12 YU L. et al. 2006

10. www.ofi.at 10  Maize and/or potatoe starch in blend with polycaprolactones and other biodegradable esters  Europeas most common bioplastic Starch-based polymers Mater-Bi ® Source: www.novamont.com 2009-12-01

11. www.ofi.at 11  Plantic ® Starch from maize and hydroxypropyl, Plantic Technologies (AUS)  Solanyl ® Starch from potatoes, Rodenburg Biopolymers (NL)  Bioplast ® Starch blend, Biotec (DE)  Biopar ® Starch from potatoes and blends, Biop AG (D) Similar to PE (converting) Limited applications! Starch-based polymers Others Source: www.plantic.com.au 2009-04-01

12. www.ofi.at 12 Polylactic acid  Main producer: NatureWorks (US)  Other Producers: Hycail (FI), Toyota (J) and Uhde Inventa (D)  Glucose from maize or lactose from whey Source: LIM L.-T. et al. 2008

13. www.ofi.at 13  Ecovio ® 45 % PLA + Ecoflex ®, BASF (D)  Ecovio ® L-Foam 75 % PLA + Ecoflex ®, BASF (D)  Bio-Flex ® PLA + Copolyester, FKuR (D) Similar to PET and/or PS (converting) Sensitive to temperature! Polylactic acid blends Source: www.basf.com 2008-09-12 YU L. et al. 2006

14. www.ofi.at 14  Mirel™ Metabolix (US)  Biomer™ Biomer (D) Fermentation of starch, rape, plant residues, etc. Only Injection Moulding! PHB, PHV, PHBV,... Polyhydroxyalkanoates Source: www.metabolix.com 2008-09-12

15. www.ofi.at 15 NatureFlex™ Innovia (UK) Cellulose derivates Source: www.innoviafilms.com 2008-09-12 Barrier coatings!

16. www.ofi.at 16 Thermal properties: Melting temperature Biopolymers comparable with conventional plastics Source: WEBER C. J. 2000 Comparision

17. www.ofi.at 17 Oxygen transmission rate Biopolymers in the midfield Source: WEBER C. J. 2000 Comparision

18. www.ofi.at 18 Water vapour transmission rate Biopolymers in the midfield Source: WEBER C. J. 2000 Comparision

19. www.ofi.at 19 Transmission of UV-light Comparision

20. www.ofi.at 20 Food safety packaging material  Nearly all starting substances are listed  Migration values are below legal limits  No significant difference in microbial growth on packaging material  No desintegration during shelf life  Migrants from PLA are safe

21. www.ofi.at 21 End of life Composting? Source: WEBER C. J. 2000 End of life

22. www.ofi.at 22 End of life Compsoting? Source: ENDRES H.-J. 2009 End of life

23. www.ofi.at 23 Michael Pitzl E-Mail: michael.pitzl@ofi.at Austrian Research Institute for Chemistry and Technology - ofi Brehmstraße 14a A-1110 Wien  +43-(0)1-798 16 01 - 597  +43-(0)1-798 16 01 - 480 THANK YOU!