1. 3D Printing Based on Imaging Data: Medical Applications Michael Twardowski 6 Nov 2013 Michael Twardowski 6 Nov 2013

2. 3D Printing Uses 3D CAD data to produce physical models Also known as rapid prototyping, solid free form, computer automated or layered manufacturing In medical use standard DICOM-based data from CAT and MRI scans is converted to Standard Triangular Language (STL) format.

3. Rapid Prototyping Additive fabrication Production time based on complexity Types: Stereolithography (SLA) Selective Laser Sintering (SLS) Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) Laminated Object Manufacturing (LOM) Inkjet Printing techniques Two-Photon polymerization (2PP)

4. Typical Materials Used Bio-ceramics – hydroxyapatite Biodegradable polymer polycaprolactone Metals like titanium

5. Medical Applications Individual patient care: Tool to improve patient understanding Facilitate diagnostic quality Pre-surgical planning Simulate complex steps in advance Can reduce operating time Exceptional useful for planning maxillofacial surgeries Radiotherapy planning

6. Maxillofacial Repair

7. Medical Applications Implant and tissue designing Customized prostheses Bone implants for patients outside of normal ranges Could improve surgical outcomes by individual fittings Repair of skull defects

8. Skull after a Craniectomy

9. Medical Applications Research Complex morphologies may be better depicted on 3D solid models in hand rather than on 2D or 3D visualizations. Medical Education and Training Conventional training on cadavers Possibility to simulate in vivo conditions and real tissues Train to variations of physiology

10. Disadvantages Commercially available implants are suitable for most patients Models are often fragile Limited by printer dimensions Model detail depending on imaging slice thickness

11. iLab // Haiti The Issue: Inefficient and corrupt import system greatly increases the price of many goods. Importing umbilical cord clamps is to costly. A solution: Using rapid prototyping to produce umbilical cord clamps. Sterilize used clamps and recover plastic filament using a reclaiming system. (e.g. Filabot™ Reclaimer). In the future: Develop ways to recycle other plastics into plastic filament to use in rapid prototyping.

12. Umbilical Cord Clamp

13. References http://www.ajronline.org/doi/full/10.2214/AJR.10.5681 http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11548-010- 0476-x http://www.medgadget.com/2013/02/cornell-bioengineers- 3d-print-living-replacement-ears.html http://makezine.com/2013/10/18/3d-printing-umbilical-cord- clamps-in-haiti/ http://www.filabot.com/collections/filabot- core/products/filabot-reclaimer http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3207384/