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THE FRONTIER AND ITS VERSIONS IN AMERICAN SOCIETY AND CULTURE.

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Presentation on theme: "THE FRONTIER AND ITS VERSIONS IN AMERICAN SOCIETY AND CULTURE."— Presentation transcript:

1 THE FRONTIER AND ITS VERSIONS IN AMERICAN SOCIETY AND CULTURE

2 THE FRONTIER THESIS Frederick Jackson Turner (1861-1932) The most influential American historian University of Wisconsin 1893: his paper delivered at the Chicago meeting of the American Historical Association The Significance of the Frontier in American History

3 FREDERICK JACKSON TURNER

4 THE FRONTIER THESIS American social development continually starts over at the frontier A perennial rebirth A an organic view of history, American institutions adapt themselves to a continuously expanding population Evolution of institutions: representative government Evolution of economy: from primitive industrial society without division of labor to manufacturing civilization

5 THE FRONTIER THESIS A peculiar American twist: not a continuous development, or a ”mere advance along a single line,” but a return to primitive conditions on the continually advancing frontier line and a start of a new development process Thus American social development is continually beginning again

6 THE FRONTIER THESIS A meeting point between savagery and civilization A steady movement away from the influence of Europe A margin of settlement with a density of two or more to a square mile 1890: the frontier was closed Milestones in social revolution: indian, hunter, fur trader, pathfinder of civilization, rancher, pioneer farmer communities, manufacturing organizations

7 THE FRONTIER THESIS French colonization: trading frontier English colonization: farming frontier Trader: brings the disintegrating force of civilization into the wilderness: trail, road, turnpike, railroad Frontier army post, protect settlers from Indians, nucleus for settlement

8 THE IMPACT OF THE FRONTIER Continuous growth of population Decreased dependence on England A workshop of democracy, legislation was conditioned at the frontier (Northwest Ordinance, Homestead Act) Growth of nationalism, evolution of American political institutions Promotion of democracy in U.S. and in Europe

9 THE IMPACT OF THE FRONTIER The extension of the franchise Individual characters: inquisitiveness, practical and inventive turn of mind, restless nervous energy, dominant individualism What the Mediterranean Sea was for the Greeks, breaking the bond of custom, offering new experiences, calling out new institutions and activities, that and more, the ever-retreating frontier has been to the United States directly” The frontier has gone and with its going has closed the first period of American history

10 THEODORE ROOSEVELT’S FRONTIER Turner: approach of a professional historian Roosevelt: enthusiast, influenced by Cooper’s novels, and by Francis Parkman, a historian viewing history as a romance, heroes test the character of their people in a savage war Turner: the farmer plays the leading role in American development Roosevelt: the hunter is the embodiment of American growth

11 THE HUNTER An aristocrat wearing buckskin Cooperian heroes: son of a British nobleman: (Pioneers) natural aristocrat (Last of the Mohicaans) Combination of the characteristics of the hunter and the soldier aristocrat: Custer Chief manifestation of the frontier myth Regeneration through regression HISTORY: a series of great hunts

12 THE WINNING OF THE WEST The central motif of American history: Indian wars Conditions at the frontier lead to savage war Enemy on both sides has to be eliminated root and branch (murder of mothers and children) and altering the seed via captivity and rape Hunting: a productive labor, preparation for a historical role, or war

13 ANGLO-SAXONISM Teutonic origins culminating in conquering the West Anglo-Saxon settlers have Teutonic values: excellent fighting skills, love of independence, tribal patriotism (beginnings of nationalism) Influence of Social Darwinism On the border between civilization and barbarism war is generally normal

14 BUFFALO BILL’s Wild West 1883-1916 Creator: William F. Cody Describing epochs of American history (Pocahontas, Pilgrims, Great Plains settlement, buffalo hunt, Indian attacks) Mythicizing history First scalp for Custer (as a scout Cody killed Yellow Hand, the alleged killer of Custer)

15 BUFFALO BILL’S Wild West Pioneers of civilization: bullet, axe, family Bible, schoolbook Scenes: Custer’s Last Fight Rough Riders Annie Oakley Ritualizing history, but attempt to integrate former foe, the Indian into American society

16 ANNIE OAKLEY http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QAyrBe21 9Ms&list=PLFEC7A046C468ACEB http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QAyrBe21 9Ms&list=PLFEC7A046C468ACEB Wild West http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3w__1Gyf QPQ

17 SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR Filipinos-Apaches Anti-imperialists-Indian lovers The Rough Riders Anglo-Saxons: the most administrative race in the world—racial virility is coupled with managerial ability Philippine War: race war

18 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7_I6xUG0 FeE

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