1. Chapter 2 Economic Tools and Economic Systems These slides supplement the textbook, but should not replace reading the textbook

2. 2 What is opportunity cost? The value of the best alternative forgone when an item or activity is chosen

3. 3 How is opportunity cost estimated? Opportunity cost is subjectively estimated by the individual decision maker

4. 4 What is the opportunity cost of a city to use local taxes to pay for a park? The best alternative foregone by not building the park

5. 5 What is your opportunity cost of attending college? If make $300 a week, but you expect you could make $500 without school - your opportunity cost is $200

6. 6 What is the opportunity cost of cleaning your room? It’s greater on sunny days than on rainy days

7. 7 Why is opportunity cost subjective?  calculation requires time and information  time is the ultimate restraint  may vary with circumstances

8. 8 What is a sunk cost? A cost that is irrelevant when an economic choice is being made

9. What is an example of a sunk cost? The $6.75 you pay to watch a boring movie is irrelevant to whether or not you watch it to the end

10. 10 What is absolute advantage? The ability to produce something with fewer resources than other producers use

11. 11 You can paint a room in 2 hrs, a high school student in 3 hrs, who has absolute advantage? You do because you can do it faster

12. 12 What is comparative advantage? The ability to produce something at a lower opportunity cost than other producers face

13. 13 You can make $50 an hr, the high school student makes minimum wage, who should paint? The high school student because of a lower opportunity cost

14. 14 What is barter? The direct exchange of one good for another without using money

15. 15 What is a division of labor? The production of a single good into separate tasks in which people specialize

16. 16 What is a specialization of labor? Focusing an individual’s efforts on a particular product or a single task

17. 17 How does the specialization of labor increase productivity?

18. 18  Takes advantage of individual natural abilities  Allows workers to develop more experience at a particular task  Permits the introduction of labor-saving machinery  Reduces time required to shift between tasks

19. 19 What is the production possibilities frontier? A curve showing all combinations of goods that can be produced when resources are used most efficiently

20. 20 What is efficiency? The condition that exists when there is no way resources can be reallocated to increase the production of one good without decreasing the production of another

21. 21 What assumptions do we make with the production possibilities model?

22. 22  Output is limited to two classes of products  Focus is on production during a given time period  Available supplies of resources are fixed  Technology is constant

23. 23 Capital goods (millions of units per year) Consumer goods (millions of units per year) The Production Possibilities Frontier 1020304050 30 20 10 0 43 48 34 G Inefficient H Unattainable F E D C B A

24. 24 What is the law of increasing opportunity? As more of a good is produced, larger quantities of another good must be sacrificed if resources are already used efficiently

25. 25 What shifts the production possibilities frontier?  Changes in resources  Increase in the capital stock  Technological change

26. 26 Shifts in the Economy’s PPF Panel A: Increase in available resources Consumer goods Capital goods FF'F' A A'A'

27. 27 Shifts in the Economy’s PPF Panel B: Decrease in available resources Consumer goods Capital goods F''F A'' A

28. 28 Shifts in the Economy’s PPF Panel C: Increase in resources or technology that benefits consumer goods Consumer goods Capital goods F A A'A'

29. 29 Shifts in the Economy’s PPF Panel D: Increase in resources or technology that benefits capital goods Consumer goods Capital goods F A F'

30. 30 What is true along the production possibilities curve?  resources are used fully  maximized division of labor  most efficient combination of resources

31. 31 What choices are made along the production possibilities curve? To have more of one product units of the other have to be given up

32. 32 Production Possibilities Curve analysis includes?  opportunity cost  scarcity  maximum choices  efficiency  increasing opportunity costs  economic growth

33. 33 What is an economic system? A set of social institutions and mechanisms organized to answer the three economic questions

34. 34 What are the three questions? Who gets what and how much?

35. 35 What is pure capitalism? An economic system characterized by private ownership of resources and the use of prices to coordinate economic activity in unregulated markets

36. 36 What is a command economy? An economic system characterized by public ownership of resources and centralized economic planning

37. 37 What is a mixed capitalist economy? An economic system characterized by private ownership of some resources and public ownership of others; some markets are regulated, others are not

38. 38 What kind of economic system do we have? A mixed capitalist economy

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