1. A helping hand: Analyzing time use and travel in three-generation households Kelcie M. Ralph Michael J. Smart Brian D. Taylor

2. Background Despite significant increases in employment over the past half-century, women still do the bulk of household and child-serving travel Household-serving trips > commute trips

3. Motivation Multigenerational households are becoming more prevalent Grandmothers help with housework –Nearly five hours each day on average

4. How does life differ for mothers in three-generation households?

5. A single person from each household completes a 24-hour activity diary American Time Use Survey 2003-2012

6. Parent Child Grand- parent

7. Two-generation households n=26,682 Young parent (middle generation age 19 or younger) Traditional three-generation n=1,067 Older grandparent (oldest generation age 80 or over) Types of three-generation households

8. Household labor Sleep Paid labor Leisure Measuring time use

9. Measuring travel

10. Travel to care for children WorkSchool Dentist Grocery Child-serving trip Chauffeur trip

11. Commute WorkSchool WorkSchool

12. Travel for any purposeMode Measuring travel

13. Minutes or count Dichotomous Negative binomial regression Logistic Dependent variable

14. Control variables Number of children and age of youngest child Race/ethnicity and immigrant status Survey year and day of week Age of woman by decade College degree

15. RESULTS

20. More sustainable travel patterns? Enable working women to use less flexible but more sustainable modes Grandmothers’ trips are less likely to be at the peak time and peak direction

21. What about the children? 20% more child-serving and chauffeuring trips per child in three-generation households

22. A recap Having a live-in grandmothers’ help: Frees up time for more work and relaxation Reduces chauffeuring, lengthens commutes Increases trips for children

23. THANK YOU Kelcie M. Ralph kmralph@g.ucla.edu Co-authors: Brian D. Taylor and Michael J. Smart