1. Organize your ideas in space and time
Important consideration in the description of events or processes
1.Describing an event
What happened ???
Describe the events in brief
Give an introduction to the paragraph
When did it happen???
Develop detailed timeline of what happened after what.
Add subpoints next to each point
Analysis
Summarize and critically review the points to come to a conclusion.
Suggest points for action.

2. Organize your ideas in space and time
2. Describing a process
What are you describing???
Give an idea in brief.
Provide definitions and examples
Outlines for the process
Identify each step in the outline.
Should contain: definition of the process, how it happens, its functions and uses
Accompany the steps with diagrams and figures
Figures should be properly labelled
Conclusion
Summarize all the points discussed

3. Organizing your ideas Decide on How long should be your essay
Analytical, Descriptive or chronological
Who will read
Organize ideas in order of importance
Write down the main points without writing full sentences
write the key words under each point
Can also use mind mapping , Cornell note-taking
For critical piece
For whom am I writing this piece?
What am I trying to say?
What are the major points I can state in my favour?

4. What kind of criticisms do I anticipate and how can I answer them?
Is there any other kind of view that is possible, and why am I not considering it?
Descriptive
Overview and Definition
Classification of elements and description
Functions and relations
Case Studies
Conclusion
Chronological
Brief description of the event
The event as it happened
End result
Analysis

5. Tips on narrating an event
In your introduction, put readers on the scene and get right to the action. (If your instructor requires an explicit thesis, provide some background information that leads up to your thesis.)
Although you will probably choose to narrate events in chronological order, be open to other possibilities. For example, you may want to begin at a later point in the story and then "flash back" to an earlier time.
Use specific details to help readers visualize people and places.
Use active verbs to move the story along.
Consider using dialogue to develop the personalities of some of the characters in your narration.
In the conclusion, make the significance of the event clear to readers.

6. COMPARISON AND CONTRAST
You either compare something or contrast something
Comparison essay- emphasize on the similarities
Contrast essay- emphasize on the differences

7. COMPARISON AND CONTRAST
Few examples where comparison and contrast thinking is used
Which university to attend ?
Which smartphone to buy ?
Where to spend your vacation ?
Writers have two classical organizational patterns
Block arrangement of ideas
Point by point or alternating arrangement of ideas

8. COMPARISON AND CONTRAST
Example: You are interested in showing differences between vacationing in the mountains and vacationing at the beach

9. COMPARISON AND CONTRAST

10. COMPARISON AND CONTRAST

11. Paragraph 1- talks about the Introduction
People are always looking forward to their vacation period. There are many options where to choose. I think that the two most common places people choose for taking a vacation are the mountains and the beaches. Both places offer a variety of fun activities. The beach offers activities that the mountain cannot offer and vice versa. The mountain and the beach are totally different. The purpose of this essay is to contrast the climate, types of activities and locations of beaches and mountains.

12. A paragraph about vacationing in the mountains
I'm going to discuss mountains first. The three aspects I'm going to discuss are climate, types of activities and location. Climate is always important in order to enjoy vacations. If a person dislikes cold weather, he or she might have a hard time in the mountains. The cold climate in the mountains is the first barrier to enjoying them, but the climate and the temperature of these zones also determine the types of activities they offer. Snow boarding, mountain climbing, mountain biking, hiking, and skiing are some activities people can enjoy when going to the mountains. There are many regions that have mountains where people can go and have a great vacation. Canada is a country located in North America and contains many mountain vacation sites where people can go and have fun.

13. A paragraph about vacationing at the beach
I'm going to discuss the beach second. The three aspects I'm going to discuss are climate, types of activities and location. Warm climate is one of the most important features that the beach has. Sun and fun are two words that describe the beach. The temperature in those places is always hot. The sea and the warm climate determine the activities that are available at the beach. People can swim, play volleyball, play soccer, and ride water bikes. In most coastal sites, there are discos and restaurants where people can dance or party throughout the night. Mexico offers many amazing coastal sites to visit. Acapulco and Cancun are two of the most beautiful and famous beaches in the world.

14. Conclusion
It doesn't matter what place a person decides to choose. The fun is 100% guaranteed. People often choose one of these two options to spend their vacations. Depending on what the person likes is what he or she will choose. I like the beach better than the mountains, but sometimes it is better to take a risk and try a different place to enjoy. (399 words)
Comment: This is the block arrangement, the first block containing information about mountains and the second block containing information about the beach.

15. ARGUMENT AND DESCRIPTION
The argumentative essay is a genre of writing that requires the student to investigate a topic; collect, generate, and evaluate evidence; and establish a position on the topic in a concise manner.
This type of essay presents a central claim (or claims, depending on length and purpose) and supports the claim(s) using an argument based on evidence and warrants.

16. ARGUMENT AND DESCRIPTION
Questions to ask
What are you claiming?
Is your claim contestable, reasonable, significant, specific, and interpretive?
What evidence do you have to support your claim?
What counts as evidence in your discipline?
How is this evidence relevant to your claim, either as part of a system of commonly held beliefs or based on empirical evidence or authority? The connections between evidence and claims are sometimes called “warrants.”
What would you say to someone who said, “So what? ,Who cares?”

17. ARGUMENT AND DESCRIPTION
Example of argumentative essay: Final project or Thesis
Structure of the argumentative essay
A clear, concise, and defined thesis statement that occurs in the first paragraph of the essay.
Clear and logical transitions between the introduction, body, and conclusion.
Body paragraphs that include evidential support.

18. ARGUMENT AND DESCRIPTION
Evidential support (whether factual, logical, statistical, or anecdotal).
A conclusion that does not simply restate the thesis, but readdresses it in light of the evidence provided.

19. ARGUMENT AND DESCRIPTION
A complete argument
Example: Discuss the cause of World War II
There should be beginning, middle and end to the conversation.
If the argument is ended in the middle, various questions may arise.
The five-paragraph essay
(a) an introductory paragraph
(b) three evidentiary body paragraphs that may include discussion of opposing views
(c) conclusion

20. ARGUMENT AND DESCRIPTION
Longer argumentative essays
Complex issues and detailed research.
Discuss the context surrounding the topic.
Sources of information and their credibility
Number of different opinions on the issue before concluding the essay.

21. DRAFT Writing a rough draft is a late stage in the writing process.
Before you get to this stage
be sure you've done a lot of preparation
clarified your topic
taken lots of notes
collected as many ideas in writing as you can.

22. ROUGH DRAFT HOW TO PUT YOUR IDEAS ON PAPER
Gather about all the materials you will need
Set aside a substantial period of time to get started.
Develop your thesis.
Make an outline.
Pause and relax for a moment. Visualize your reader in your mind's eye
Tell your story quickly.
Work for short periods of time.
Include all your ideas
DOUBLE OR TRIPLE SPACE

23. EDITING AND PROOF READING
Share your rough draft with a friend or one of your identified reader.
Ask the person to read your draft, check accuracy, completeness and suggest ideas for revision.
Then revise it again taking in your readers suggestion.

24. EDITING AND PROOF READING
If you are writing as a team, combine revised individual sections to a common document.
Then check the document for
consistency in language
Style and overall coherence
Yourself, check
word choices, spellings, grammar, punctuation, handwriting and form.
Avoid long and unwinding sentences, repetitions, complex examples, difficult terms

25. EDITING AND PROOF READING
Instead of definitions, give examples and supporting details.
Avoid irrelevant information
Make sure each sentence has a subject
See if subjects and verbs agree with each other
Check verb tenses
Ensure if the paragraph has topic sentence, supporting sentences to focus on the main idea and closing sentence.
See if your paragraph is interesting

26. EDITING AND PROOF READING
Finally go through the text again, that is, proofread the text, to check if all errors have been taken care of.

27. STYLING AND FORMATTING YOUR TEXT
Font size should not be too small or too large.
If write up is long, provide appropriate headings to break up the text thematically
Follow basic guidelines of division from outlines initially created.
Add heading to every main idea.
Standard format: 12 pt, Times New Roman.
Justify the text
Provide paragraph breaks- new lines or indents.

28. STYLING AND FORMATTING YOUR TEXT
Provide title to the document.
Set wide margins so that text doesn’t look very heavy on the eye.
Title- centre aligned in larger or different size.
Headings should stand out.
Figures, tables and other elements- typed in different font size or type.

29. MODULE 3 Written communication:
Note making and taking, summarizing, notes and memos, developing notes into text, organization of ideas, cohesion and coherence
paragraph writing, ordering information in space and time, description and argument, comparison and contrast, narrating events chronologically. Writing a rough draft, editing, proof reading, final draft and styling text.
Technical report writing: Synopsis writing, formats for reports. Introductory report, Progress report, Incident report, Feasibility report, Marketing report, Field report and Laboratory test report.
Project report: Reference work, General objective, specific objective, introduction, body, illustrations using graphs, tables, charts, diagrams and flow charts. Conclusion and references. Preparation of leaflets, brochure and C.V.

30. Types of Reports
Introductory Report
Progress Reports
Incident Report
Feasibility Report
Marketing Report
Field Report
Laboratory Report

31. Heading : Date , To , From , Subject
Progress Report : What progress is made on a project, whether on schedule, what difficulties you encountered or what are plans for next reporting period. (Daily, Weekly, Monthly or Quarterly)
Heading : Date , To , From , Subject
Introduction ( overview, background)
Objectives : Why , what problems , what do you hope, who initiated
Personnel : With whom ( Work Team)
Prev. Activity : Remind what work has been accomplished
Discussion ( findings, body, agenda)
Work accomplished: itemize in chronological list
Work remaining :
Problems Encountered
Conclusion / Recommendation

32. Lab Report : To document your findings after performing a laboratory test ( Why, How, What are the results & Action)
Heading
Introduction ( Overview, background, purpose)
The rationale ( What problem motivated)
The objectives ( what does this report hope to prove)
Authorization( Under whose authority )
Discussion ( body, methodology)
Apparatus
Procedure
Conclusion / Recommendation : Presents your findings / Follow-up action

33. Feasibility Report (Recommendation Report):
Heading
Introduction ( Overview, background)
What is the purpose of this report
What problems motivated this study
Who initiated the study
Personnel
Discussion ( body, findings)
Criteria
Analysis
Conclusion / Recommendation : State the significance of your findings and draw a conclusion / Suggestions

34. Incident Report (Accident Report): Problem occurs within your work environment that requires investigation and suggested solutions
Heading
Introduction
What is the purpose : When, where and why you were called to perform maintenance
Discussion ( body, findings, agenda, work accomplished) : Using subheadings ( problems) and how did you solve
Conclusion / Recommendation : What caused the problem / what could be done in future

35. Introduction ( Overview, background )
Field Report(Trip Report):
Heading
Introduction ( Overview, background )
What is the purpose :document the dates, destination. Comment on rationale and objective
Personnel
Authorization
Discussion ( body, findings, agenda)
Description : What have you seen or observed
Analysis : Strengths and weakness, reflection or evaluation of observations
Appendix : information that supports your analysis
Conclusion / Recommendation : What did you accomplish / What suggestions next

36. Introduction ( Overview, background)
Marketing Report :
Heading
Introduction ( Overview, background)
What is the profile of the firm & Purpose
Introduction to the research work
Who initiated the study
Personnel
Discussion ( body, findings)
Scope and Limitations of the research work
Research Methodologies
Analysis
Conclusion / Recommendation : State the significance of your findings and draw a conclusion / Suggestions