1. Chapter Seven
Event Budgeting

2. Chapter learning objectives
7.1 Understand the nature and purpose of a budget in an event management context
7.2 Identify the various types of budget that may be used for events
7.3 Identify and explain all aspects of the event budgeting process
7.4 Explain how to use and interpret breakeven analysis

3. Chapter learning objectives
7.5 Identify and explain the key considerations associated with developing an income strategy
7.6 Understand the importance of cash flow considerations and how they should be addressed
7.7 Explain key aspects of costing and estimating in the development of an event budget
7.8 Understand the key steps in managing an event budget.

4. Units of Competency and Elements
SITXFIN402 Manage finances within a budget
Allocate budget resources
Monitor financial activities against budget
Identify and evaluate options for improved budget performance
Complete financial and statistical reports
SITXFIN501 Prepare and monitor budgets
Prepare budget information
Prepare budget
Finalise budget
Monitor and review budget

5. Introduction
Personal budgets include an estimate of our incomes and expenses.
Business budgets are more complex.
They express the business objectives of the organisation in dollar terms.
Event budgets are event plans in dollar terms.
Financial considerations must be planned for in minute detail to ensure positive outcomes.

6. The nature and purpose of an event budget
The ability to predict and monitor event costs is a critical aspect of event management.
Rapidly escalating costs can signal disaster for event finances and cash flows.
As well as reducing overall financial performance, cost blow outs can lead to significant cash flow problems.
Due to the uneven nature of cash inflows and outflows, the potential for cash flow problems is ever present.

7. The nature and purpose of an event budget
The ability to event revenue is also critical
Sluggishness or poor performance in terms of ticket sales, sponsorship or other revenue raising activities can signal major financial and cash flow problems.
The event budget is a simple and effective planning and control tool.
When used effectively, it helps the event manager to predict event finances and cash flows, and then keep them on track.

8. The nature and purpose of an event budget
Event budgets are effective planning and control tool.
The purpose of an event budget is to:
predict and monitor event costs and revenues
provide financial objectives for evaluating performance
facilitate awareness of cost reduction opportunities
create awareness of financial position for stakeholders
create a control system
facilitate planning for future events.

9. Types of budgets
There may be the need for separate budgets for one event.
Line-item budget
Estimation of every cost and revenue item
Level of detail may be outlined by stakeholders.
Program budget
Created for a specific program or element
Separating this budget from the main budget allows financial aspects of the program to be considered alone.
 Activity: Have students get into groups of 2-3. Outline a basic music festival event, and then have them brainstorm the types of revenues and expenditures that might be required for an event such as this. Have groups compare and discuss their items.

10. The budgeting process Environmental factors
Forecast of revenue sources such as ticket sales
Consider effects on revenue streams:
Economic climate
Trends for event type
Market research
Revenue from previous events
Change from previous events
Forecast of expenditure needs to undertake the same forecasting.
Changes from previous events – change to ticket prices, change (addition or subtraction) of attractions, change in venues/location etc., changes to advertising and promotion.

11. The budgeting process Levels of uncertainty
When developing a budget, considerations that relate to uncertainties about future revenue may at times, be disturbing
It may, for example, be necessary to broaden the revenue base in order to address current levels of uncertainty
A greater awareness of areas of uncertainty or vulnerability in terms of revenue generation is one of the key benefits of budgeting.
Alternate budgets – Creating budgets based on a likely scenario, pessimistic scenario and optimistic scenario can ensure that all outcomes are considered.
Level of details – This might include listing Venue Expenses, or breaking it down as Room Hire, Cleaning, Electricity, Food and Beverage, etc.

12. The budgeting process Addressing uncertainty
When considerable uncertainty exists, alternative budgets representing different scenarios may be developed.
These different scenarios are simply different views of what may be expected in the future.
Ticket sales may be very high or somewhat depressed.
Expenditures may be kept well under control or may, for various reasons, be greater than initially expected.
Three budgets may be developed representing a most likely scenario, a pessimistic scenario and an optimistic scenario.

13. The budgeting process Levels of detail
The level of detail required and categorisation of various revenues and expenditures is an important concern in the construction of event budgets
The number of different revenue and expenditure categories should be determined primarily by the need to control or influence them
The needs of stakeholders must be taken into account when determining levels of detail.

14. The budgeting process Budget objectives
To change or not to change?
Budgets are mechanisms to ensure sound decision making
Stakeholders need to be considered before change is made.
Ongoing communication with stakeholders
Continuous communication reduces the likelihood of major problems down the track
Awareness amongst stakeholders of key financial outcomes represents an important benefit or by-product of the budgeting process.
To change or not to change – Whether budgets should be constantly updated, new revenues streams sought, more expensive equipment hired, etc. Some event managers like to maintain consistent budgets and others like to move things around as new opportunities arise.

15. The budgeting process Budget review
Regular monitoring of the budget is recommended
If expenses are above expected levels, measures must be taken to control costs
The ability to recognise variances and take corrective action at the appropriate time represents one of the key benefits of budgeting.

16. The budgeting process Future budgets
Easier to develop realistic budgets with experience
Financial discipline with budgets increases over time
Event budgeting process is summarised here:
Analysis of environmental factors
Assessment of levels of uncertainty
Forecasts and categorisation of revenues and expenditures
Budget drafting and assessment against objectives
Distribution of budget to stakeholders
Negotiation and finalisation of budget
Regular review of budget
Collection of information for future budgets.

17. Breakeven analysis
Budgets can be developed in terms of revenue or breakeven points.
Breakeven point is where all costs are covered by revenue. Additional revenue = profit.
Calculating breakeven points require knowledge of:
Fixed costs
Same cost no matter how many tickets are sold
Example: cost of a guest speaker or salaries for event staff
Variable costs
Costs that change dependant on how many tickets are sold
Example: food and beverage.

18. Breakeven analysis

19. Income strategy Income varies dependant on the income strategy.
Sponsorship
Level of sponsorship reliant on stakeholder views
Very important to some event types.
Grants
From local, state and federal government bodies.
Licensing of product sales
Can generate extensive income
Events managers need to make agreements with manufacturers or distributors for a share of profits.

20. Income strategy Ticket sales Other sources of income
Before event or at the gate
Higher price = greater revenue per ticket
Lower price = greater number of tickets sold
Price people will pay
Venue capacity
Other revenue sources
Logistic issues.
Other sources of income
Rental for stalls, sale of programs, parking fees, food and beverage sales.
Before event or at the gate – Perhaps an ‘early bird’ rate is offered to encourage people to buy early, which in turn gives organisers a better idea of revenue expectations and also assists with cash flow.
Price people will pay – How high a price people will pay will depend on environmental factors, perceptions of value for money and the type of event.
Venue capacity – will cap the number of tickets that can be sold. A higher price may need to be charged as less can be sold to cover costs.
Other revenue sources – Sponsorship and grants can mean that lower ticket prices can be charged.
Logistic issues – Selling tickets on the day can mean queues, more security staff, and a range of other issues. Extra costs mean less profit. However, distributing prior to the event through agencies can also eat into profit.

21. Cash flow considerations
Related to pattern of income and expenditure.
To avoid cash flow problems:
develop a cash flow timing chart
delay expenditure as long as possible
gain information about supplier terms
maintain close control over expenditure
design income strategies to bring forward revenue streams.
Pattern of income and expenditure – Many event costs must be paid in the beginning of the process where there is little or no income, creating a cash flow problem. Money may need to be borrowed to cover costs until income is generated by sponsorship, tickets sales or other means.
Cash flow timing chart – shows clear movement of money. Informed decisions can then be made on funding shortfalls.
Delay expenditure – Negotiate favourable payment terms with suppliers at the beginning for the event planning process. Non or late payment is not an option if you want to continue using these suppliers and maintain a reputation so that others will deal with you.
Gain information about terms – usually on the spot or within 60 days, but suppliers may be willing to negotiate a small deposit and delayed payment of the balance. Line of credit or invoicing arrangements may also be possible. It is dependant on sound business relationships being developed.
Maintain control over expenditure – Avoid late fees or interest, etc. Establish administrative processes to ensure all payments are authorised, and communicate these to all staff and volunteers.
Design income strategies – Having clients pay early in the planning, negotiating deposits, getting sponsorship money early, ticket sales in advance, early bird options.

22. Review of the budget Things do not always go to plan!
Unanticipated expenses, budget blowouts, etc. usually result in an unfavourable change.
Budgets are the ‘best attempt’ at anticipating financial movements for an event.
Constant reviews of the budget increase the likelihood of issues being detected.
Control measures and corrective actions can then be implemented to reduce loss.

23. Information for the development of future budgets
Forecasts may be inaccurate due to lack of information.
Past experience is useful, but new and unanticipated factors must be considered.
Three approaches to anticipating costs:
Top-down
Bottom-up
Parametric.
Top-down approach – Comparison with similar or previous events early in the planning.
Bottom-up approach – Detailed examination of the components of the event, perhaps based on Work Breakdown Structure (WBS).
Parametric – utilises the relationship between historical data and other variables, such as cost per person.

24. Managing an event budget
The effective management of an event budget involves:
Constantly monitoring the budget to identify variances in expenditure or revenue
If actual expenditure exceeds budget expenditure, corrective action is required to:
reduce costs, or
increase revenue to offset cost increases, or
A combination of both
Where expenditure problems have occurred, greater levels of detail may be required in the future to more closely monitor the situation and identify areas of concern.

25. Managing an event budget
If actual revenue falls short of budget revenue, corrective action is required to:
Increase revenues
Reduce costs to offset revenue losses
A combination of both
Where revenue problems have occurred, alternative sources of revenue may need to be identified.
Based on past experience, event budgets must be constantly reviewed to ensure they are realistic.

26. Chapter summary
Budgets are one of the most fundamental planning and control tools for event managers.
Effective budget management allows for planning of finances.
Cash flow issues can be avoided.
Allows for revenues and expenditures to be monitored and controlled.
Budgeting relies upon examination of environmental factors, levels of uncertainty, forecasts and categorisation of revenue and expenditure.

27. Chapter summary
Managing a budget involves constantly monitoring expenditure and revenue, taking corrective action as required, and reviewing budgets to ensure that they remain realistic.