1. Chapter 10 Fundamental Income Tax Issues

2. Tax Basis: Its Nature and Significance  Newly acquired property’s initial tax basis is starting point in determining income tax consequences of operating the property and, ultimately, the tax consequence of disposal  During holding period, tax basis is adjusted to reflect disinvestment or additional capital investment

3. Tax Basis: Its Nature and Significance  Selling or exchanging a property generates a gain or loss equal to the difference between the sales price and the adjusted basis of the property at the time of disposal

4. The Initial Tax Basis  Property acquired as gift, initial tax basis the same as donor’s, unless donor incurs gift tax liability  Property acquired by inheritance, initial tax basis is market value as determined for estate tax purposes  Property acquired by purchase, cost forms buyer’s initial tax basis

5. Allocation of the Initial Tax Basis  Two or more assets acquired together, initial tax basis must be allocated between them using ratio of their relative market value Specify price of each in original purchase contract Use ratio of land value to building value estimated by tax assessor Have independent appraiser estimate relative value of land and buildings

6. Adjustment of the Basis in Cost Recovery  Depreciation allowance –An allowance of capital invested in improvements of property held for business or investment purposes. Does not apply to property held for personal use or primarily for resale Land, considered virtually indestructible, is not included in depreciation allowance computation

7. Adjustment of the Basis in Cost Recovery  Claiming tax deduction for cost recovery allowances reduces a property’s tax basis  Lower the adjusted tax basis when property is sold, the greater the taxable gain on disposal

8. Recovery of Building and Other Improvements  27.5 years for buildings intended for residential rental purposes  39 years for buildings intended for other allowable purposes  15 years for land improvements such as walks, roads, sewers, and fences

9. Recovery of Building and Other Improvements  Allowance for buildings are computed using straight-line method  Allowances for improvements on and to the land may be computed using the 150 percent declining balance method

10. Other Adjustments to the Tax Basis  Basis is reduced when portion of asset is sold or destroyed by casualties such as fire, flood, or storm  Owner’s tax basis is increased by expenditures that materially increase the property’s value or useful life  Transaction costs are added to the tax basis

11. Table 10.2

12. Tax Consequences of Ownership Form  Ownership by individuals  Corporate Ownership  Subchapter S Corporations  Ownership in a general partnership  Limited partnerships  Limited liability company

13. Tax Consequence of Property Sales  Adjusted tax basis at time of sale is the initial tax basis plus all additional capital investments, minus cumulative depreciation allowances, plus-or-minus certain other adjustments that may sometimes apply  Gain or loss on property’s sale is difference between the value of consideration received and the adjusted tax basis at the time of the transaction

14. Tax Consequences of Financial Leverage  Borrowing or repaying debts are not taxable events  Interest expense is usually tax-deductible in the year the interest is paid  Exception--prepaid interest is not deductible until actually earned by the lender

15. Tax Consequences of Financial Leverage  Construction period interest is special exception—must be capitalized; reflected in annual depreciation allowances  Deductibility of mortgage interest is limited by passive asset loss limitation rules  Strategy—borrow against equity rather than selling, as selling will trigger a taxable gain

16. Income Tax Credits for Property Rehabilitation  Tax credits – direct, dollar-for- dollar offsets against one’s income tax obligation  Expenditures to rehabilitate certain buildings qualify for a 10 percent rehabilitation tax credit

17. Limitations on Deductibility of Losses Limited partner’s income and expenses from a partnership are always considered passive asset items Real estate held for rental purposes is passive unless it is incidental to the primary business activity Special exception for real estate investors who are not actively engaged in a real estate trade or business to deduct up to $25,000 of passive asset losses each year

18. Figure 10.1

19. Foreign Investors’ Taxes  Taxpayer who acquires a U.S. real estate interest from a foreign owner must withhold and remit to the IRS 10 percent of the gross sales price, unless Property is worth no more than $300,000 and is to be used by purchaser as personal residence Transaction is protected from taxation pursuant to a U.S. tax treaty Seller or buyer obtains a certificate form the IRS that reduces the amount to be withheld

20. Foreign Investors’ Taxes  Buyer who fails to withhold the correct amount may be liable for the under-withheld amount, plus interest and penalties

21. Alternative Minimum Tax (AMT)  After figuring tax liability the regular way, taxpayers must perform an alternative computation, and pay taxes on whichever computation method results in the greater liability  Alternative computation tax credits, and many tax deductions, that are permitted in the regular computation must be excluded