1. Ancient Middle East & Egypt 3200 B.C.-500B.C.
Chapter 2

2. Ancient Sumer & Middle East
Key Words Fertile Crescent hierarchy cuneiform Mesopotamia ziggurat Sumer Essential Questions: What were the characteristics of the worlds first civilization?

3. Fertile Crescent
Narrow region of good farm land along Tigris, Euphrates, & Nile Rivers of the Middle East
Mesopotamia: “Land between two rivers”
Sumer: world’s first civilization

4. Water, Water, everywhere
Tigris & Euphrates rivers flooded  major damage to homes & crops
Epic of Gilgamesh: Mesopotamian poem that told of a world-wide flood
Had few natural resources
Used bricks to build first cities
Maybe invented the wheel
Tigris & Euphrates rivers floodedmajor damage to homes & crops
Epic of Gilgamesh: Mesopotamian poem that told of a world-wide flood
Villagers & farmers had to work together to control water for farming irrigation
Had few natural resources
Used bricks to build first cities
Thought to have invented the wheel

5. Sumerian Civilization
Sumer= 12 separate city-states who battled for control
Complex Gov’t:
Leaders responsible for maintaining walls & irrigation, leading armies, enforcing laws, & lead religious ceremonies
Society Structure:
Hierarchy: system of ranking groups of people
Sumer= 12 separate city-states who battled for control
Complex Gov’t:
Leaders responsible for maintaining walls & irrigation, leading armies, enforcing laws, & lead religious ceremonies
{Will this system work? Why or Why not?}
Society Structure:
Hierarchy: system of ranking groups of people
High=rulers
Middle= priests/merchants Low=farmers/peasants
Women: highly honored in religion, no legal rights, or education

6. Religion & Writing Polytheistic: worshipped many gods
Ziggurat: large, stepped platform temple to house chief god of city & performed ceremonies in & around it
Cuneiform: Sumerian writing form,
Pictures + symbols
Records of money exchanges, myths & religion, and laws

7. Lasting Legacy Sumerians developed early number system
Based on number 6, set up 60 minute hours & 360° circles
Developed basic algebra & geometry
Studied constellations, created accurate calendars, and predicted eclipses

8. Organize it!
Ancient Sumer

9. Summary How did the geography of Sumer help it develop?
What were major contributions made by Sumerians?
What were characteristics of the world’s first civilization?
Geography (Mesopotamia, Fertile Crescent)
Social Hierarchy (low, middle, high)
Cities from mud bricks
Polytheistic religions & ziggurats
Cuneiform, Algebra, Geometry, Time
Conquered by others
Main Idea?

10. INVADERS, TRADERS, & EMPIRES
Chapter 2 Section 2

11. INVADERS, TRADERS, & EMPIRES
KEY TERMS
HAMMURABI CIVIL LAW
CRIMINAL LAW NEBUCHADNEZZAR
BARTER ECONOMY MONEY ECONOMY
ESSENTIAL QUESTION:
How did various strong rulers unite the lands of the Fertile Crescent?

12. First Empires in Mesopotamia
Hammurabi= Ruler of Babylon
Created written code of laws to govern people (Hammurabi’s Code)
Civil Law: private rights (property, marriages, taxes)
Criminal Law: offenses against others (robbery, murder, assault)
“Eye for an Eye” code of punishment

13. Conquests= New Empires
Assyrians: Most feared in Mesopotamia
Looted, then destroyed everything in their path
Built city of Nineveh & first library
Nebuchadnezzar: took over and strengthened Babylonian Empire
Rebuilt crumbling cities & made a moat & brick walls around city
Built beautiful “hanging gardens” for wife

14. Persian Empire Persian Empire expanded from Asia Minor to India
Included Turkey, Iran, Egypt, Afghanistan, & Pakistan
King Darius I: built roads across empire & encouraged people to move to a money-based trade
Barter Economy: typical for the day, exchange of one set of goods/services for another
Money Economy: Exchanging goods/services for money and coins

15. Phoenicians (Fo-nee-shans)
Phoenicians became powerful on the sea and took over coastal cities
Best known for trade
Set up colonies to trade better with Africa, Italy, & Spain
Established a written alphabet
More advanced than cuneiform
Base for Greek alphabet English alphabet

16. Summary How did strong rulers unite people of Fertile Crescent?
Established laws & government
Spread knowledge of tools/iron (Assyrians)
Spread knowledge through library & alphabet
Great architecture (Babylon)
Money economy & better trade

17. Kingdom on the Nile
Chapter 2

18. Kingdom on the nile
Key Words Bureaucracy Vizier Hatshepsut Amon-Re Mummification Hieroglyphics Rosetta Stone Essential Questions: “How did the Nile Rover influence the rise of the powerful civilization of Egypt?” How did religion and learning play important roles in ancient Egyptian civilization?

19. Geography Shapes Egypt
W/O Nile River, Egypt= desert
Nile= world’s longest river
Annual flood= farming benefits
Able to store water for later use
Egypt= 2 Regions (Upper & Lower)

20. Old Kingdom
Ancient Egypt history: divided into 3 kingdoms (Old Middle, New)
Dynasty: ruling family, power and land passed from one to another
Pharaohs: kings(absolute power)
Bureaucracy: system of gov’t, includes different job functions & levels of authority
Vizier: supervised business side of gov’t (taxes, irrigation, farming, etc.)
Built during Old Kingdom

21. Middle Kingdom
Power struggles, crop failures, & economic failure fall of Old Kingdom
Corruption & Rebellion & unpredictable flooding of Nile= turbulent Middle Kingdom

22. Behind Every great man is a…
After 100 years of Hyksos rule= New Kingdom & leaders
Hatshepsut: first female pharaoh
Thutmose III: Stepson, great military leader, expanded Egypt’s borders
332 BC Greeks took control then Romans

23. Religion Shapes life in Egypt
Egyptians made lasting contributions to civilization in many areas: science, religion, language, writings, art, literature, etc.
Old Kingdom= “Sun god”, Re
Middle Kingdom= Supreme god, Amon-Re
Egyptians viewed gods & kings/pharaohs equally

24. Isis & Osiris Isis= goddess of afterlife Osiris= ruler of the dead
Osiris ruled Egypt until brother killed him & cut up body all over Egypt
Isis saved him, reassembled pieces, brought back to life
Osiris became god of the dead & of the Nile

25. Mummification
Mummification: preserves body by embalming & wrapping in cloth
Soul would be able to return to this body in afterlife
Buried in pyramid with all of belongings (to take with you)
Usually just for pharaohs & leaders
Preserved body so well, recognized thousands of years later

26. Learning in Egypt Wrote language in hieroglyphics
Written language using symbols and pictures
Deciphered by Rosetta Stone
Contained 3 languages used to decipher hieroglyphics
Invented material to write on=papyrus (paper)
Applied science and math to astronomy & constellations, construction of pyramids, and calendar

27. Summary
What are the three main periods of Egyptian history?
Why was Hatshepsut important?
How did Egypt benefit from the Nile River?
Main Idea:
The history of Egypt can be divided into three kingdoms, Old, Middle, and New. The success of Egypt depended on the Nile River.