1. Electromagnetism Kyle Thornton DMI 50B

2. Magnetic Attraction and Polarity n http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/electromag/j ava/magneticlines/index.html http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/electromag/j ava/magneticlines/index.html n http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/electromag/j ava/magneticlines2/index.html http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/electromag/j ava/magneticlines2/index.html

3. The Relationship Between Electricity And Magnetism n Oersted’s Discovery –It was noted that a wire carrying a current also has a magnetic field However: –Only when the charge is in motion –Stationary charges produce only electric fields –Direction of the magnetic flow is determined by the right hand rule

4. Magnetic Field Of A Current Carrying Solenoid n A wire wound into a coil would behave as a magnet (North and South pole) n If the current is reversed, magnetic polarity will reverse n Current direction is determined by application of the right hand rule

6. The Electromagnet n The magnetic field of a current-carrying solenoid is concentrated through the center of the coil n Inserting a bar of ferromagnetic material into the coil intensifies the magnetic n The field lines would be the same as a bar magnet n An electromagnet can be turned off or varied by varying the current flow through the wire

8. Faraday’s Discovery n If an electric current can induce a magnetic field, can a magnetic field induce a current in a conductor? n Yes, if: –The magnet is moving –The wire is moving –The magnetic fields are changed n Application in Radiology –Generators and electric motors used in radiologic equipment work on this principle

9. Magnitude Of The Induced Current n Depends on four factors –The strength of the magnetic field –The velocity of the field as it moves past the conductor –The angle of the conductor to the magnetic field –The number of turns in the conductor

10. Faraday’s Law n http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/electromag/j ava/faraday2 http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/electromag/j ava/faraday2 n http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/electromag/j ava/faraday/index.html http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/electromag/j ava/faraday/index.html

11. Lenz’s Law n Determines the direction of the induced current flow n Occurs when a changing magnetic field is used to induce current flow –The induced current flow will oppose the action that induced it –This is known as self-induction –This law establishes magnetic polarity n Application in Radiology –This principle is applied to rotating anodes

12. Lenz’ Law n http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/electromag/j ava/lenzlaw/index.html http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/electromag/j ava/lenzlaw/index.html

13. Self Induction n Autotransformers work on this principle n The generating of an opposing voltage or current in a single coil as result of changing magnetic fields when an AC is run through the coil

14. Mutual Induction n An electromagnet (primary coil) is placed near a coil of wire (secondary coil) n Current is passed through the primary coil n The resulting changing magnetic fields induce a current in the secondary coil n Most transformers work on this principle

16. Basic Electromechanical Equipment Used In Radiologic Machines n Generators n Motors n Rectifiers n Transformers

17. Motors and Generators n http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d_aTC0iK O68&feature=related http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d_aTC0iK O68&feature=related

18. Generators n Converts mechanical energy to electrical energy n This utilizes the principle of a changing magnetic field to induce an electric current n The simplest type of generator is a coil of wire that rotates through a magnetic field –This is called a single phase generator –The current produced is alternating current n High voltage generators are necessary to produce x-rays in the x-ray tube

19. Inside a Generator Retrieved from: http://www.energyquest.ca.gov/story/chapter06.html http://www.energyquest.ca.gov/story/chapter06.html

20. DC/AC Generators n http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/electromag/j ava/generator/dc.html http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/electromag/j ava/generator/dc.html n http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/electromag/j ava/generator/ac.html http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/electromag/j ava/generator/ac.html

21. Motors n Converts electrical energy to mechanical energy of motion n Simplest type is a battery powered DC motor n The components are the same as a generator –Single wire inside a magnet n The electric current is sent through the wire n The resulting magnetic fields induce motion –http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q2mSh GuG4RY&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q2mSh GuG4RY&feature=related

22. Electric Motor n Electric Motor Animation Electric Motor Animation n http://www.phys.unsw.edu.au/hsc/hsc/el ectric_motors.html http://www.phys.unsw.edu.au/hsc/hsc/el ectric_motors.html

23. Synchronous And Induction Motors n Synchronous Motor –Designed to rotate at the same rpm as the supplied current –Used for timing devices n Induction Motor –This type of motor spins the anode used to produce x-rays http://www.phys.unsw.edu.au/hsc/hsc/electric_motors1.ht mlhttp://www.phys.unsw.edu.au/hsc/hsc/electric_motors1.ht ml http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HWrNzUCjbkk&featur e=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HWrNzUCjbkk&featur e=related

24. Rectification n Electrons are made to flow inside the x- ray tube via a high voltage AC generator n AC in the x-ray tube would be problematic n AC must be changed to DC n This is accomplished via rectifiers n Two types –Vacuum tube –Solid state

25. Rectifiers n Allows current to flow in one direction only n Vacuum tube –Similar to x-ray tube –Allows electrons to flow during positive half of AC cycle n Solid state –Consists of a semiconductor and an added impure substance –Results in more efficient x-ray production –More commonly used in modern machines –Longer life spans than vacuum tube rectifiers

26. Silicon Rectifier

27. Vacuum tube rectifiers

29. Transformers n Principles of operation –Power supply is normally 110 - 220 –Necessary to increase incoming voltage to kilovoltage for efficient x-ray production –It is also necessary to decrease incoming voltage to 5 - 10 volts –This is accomplished by transformers –Transformers use interactions between electricity and magnetism to accomplish their tasks

30. Transformers n Transformers have two circuits n Primary circuit contains the power source n Current is induced into the secondary circuit by changing magnetic fields in the primary circuit n A transformer takes incoming voltages or currents and increases or decreases them n The output voltage depends on the turns ratio of the transformer

31. Transformers n http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/electromag/j ava/transformer/index.html http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/electromag/j ava/transformer/index.html

32. Transformers n Turns ratio –N s /N p –This expresses the relationship of turns in each coil –A transformer with less turns in the secondary coil is a step-down transformer These decrease incoming voltage –A transformer with a turns ratio > 1 (more turns in the secondary coil) is a step-up transformer These increase incoming voltage

33. Transformers n Types of transformers –Air-core Two insulated coils placed in close proximity to each other –Open-core The coils are wrapped around an iron bar –Closed-core The coils are wrapped around a square or circle of iron –Autotransformer An iron core with only one winding of wire –Shell-type Each core plate contains two holes The coils are wrapped around the center post of the core This traps more magnetic field lines Results in more a more efficient transformer

36. Transformer Law #1 –Voltage related to turns ratio V s /V p = N s /N p –Work this problem An incoming voltage of 220 is placed across the primary side of a transformer that has 100 primary turns and 40,000 secondary turns X/220 = 40,000/100 –Answer 88,000 V or 88 kV

37. Transformer Law #2 –Current related to voltage –Vp/Vs = Is/Ip –Work the problem –The input V is 220. The output is 22kV. The current in the primary is 20A. What is the current in the secondary? –220/22000 = X/20 –Answer 0.2 A

38. Transformer Law #3 n Current related to turns ratio –Ip/Is = Ns/Np –Work the problem –The turns ratio is 50. The current in the secondary is 5 A. What is the primary current? –X/5 = 50/1 –Answer 250 A

40. Safety Issues With Transformers n Transformer power rating is generally rated in kilowatts n This rating cannot be exceeded –Overheating would occur n This must be taken into consideration when purchasing a machine and considering its intended use

41. Review Questions n What is the relationship between magnetism and electricity? n Under what circumstances can a magnetic field induce current in a conductor? n What effect does the number of turns in the secondary coil of a transformer have upon current, and voltage? n What is the purpose of a rectifier? n What is the purpose of a motor? n What is the purpose of a generator?

42. Websites n http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uYfTzCa71SE&feature=relate d http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UsT-qWAzTHg http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XTjiqF_FOPI&NR=1 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q2mShGuG4RY&NR=1&feat ure=fvwp http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xGNmGCCCQRg&NR=1&fea ture=fvwp http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uYfTzCa71SE&feature=relate d http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UsT-qWAzTHg http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XTjiqF_FOPI&NR=1 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q2mShGuG4RY&NR=1&feat ure=fvwp http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xGNmGCCCQRg&NR=1&fea ture=fvwp