1. Reinsurance By Roar Rasten Gard AS
The Nordic Association of Marine Insurers

2. Why a session on Reinsurance?
All marine insurers are heavily reliant on reinsurance in their operations
Both underwriting and claims handling are effected by the company’s reinsurance program and philosophy
Insurance is the art of spreading risks and reinsurance is an important part of this

3. Goals for this session Discover why companies use reinsurance
Underwriting capacity
Earnings volatility
Capital protection
Understand different types of reinsurance
Facultative reinsurance
Treaty reinsurance; proportional and non-proportional
Pool
Reinsurance in practice, understand the impact of reinsurance
Quota Share
Excess of loss with and without aggregate

4. Definition of risk
Risk is the potential for loss or failure to meet business objectives as a consequence of internal or external events

5. Risk Capacity The ability to carry risks
Demands:
Regulatory requirements
Market requirements (i.e. Rating)
Capital providers requirements
Other?
Instruments:
Capital
Portfolio mixture
Reinsurance

6. Important factors for deciding the company’s risk appetite?
Risk appetite reflects the amount of risk taking that is acceptable to an organisation
An organisations risk appetite will shape its attitude towards risk taking and define level of exposure to specific risks or risk groups that the organisation is able to tolerate
Important factors for deciding the company’s risk appetite?

7. Reinsurance “Insurance of insurance companies”
“Reinsurance is the transfer of parts of the hazards or a risk that a direct insurer assumes by way of insurance contracts or legal provision on behalf of an insured, to a second insurance carrier, the reinsurer, who has no contractual relationship with the insured.”
(M. Grossmann)
In distinction to co-insurance where the contractual relationship is between the insured and its co-insurers

8. Why reinsurance?
Increase in underwriting capacity (maximum limit to be offered as risk transfer to a policyholder)
Reduction in portfolio volatility (better balanced portfolio)
Reduction in the economic effect of a catastrophe (accumulation of risks)
Removal of unwanted risks
Reduced capital need
A reinsurer balance their book of business by taking on the same types of risk from many insurers.

9. Distribution of insurance risks
Policy holders
Insurance compromises
Reinsurers

10. Portfolio Exposure Peak exposures Exposure No of cover
Max acceptable loss for own account
No of cover

11. Basic: Reinsurance Forms
Facultative reinsurance:
Facultative reinsurance is reinsurance for individual risks
Obligatory Reinsurance
Obligatory reinsurance is treaty reinsurance for portfolios
“Claims Pool”
A pool is not reinsurance but sharing of claims costs among a group of insurers
Source: Swiss Re

12. Basic: Reinsurance Types
Proportional reinsurance
The reinsurer’s share of premium is directly proportional to his obligation to pay claims*
Non-proportional Reinsurance
The reinsurer obliges himself to pay all losses above the deductable/excess amount up to a contractually defined cover limit*
Alternative risk transfer (ART)
Often organised as an instrument to smooth result over time
*Source: Swiss Re

13. Reinsurance instruments
Proportional reinsurance:
Facultative proportional reinsurance
Quota Share treaty reinsurance
Surplus treaty reinsurance
Non-proportional reinsurance:
Facultative non-proportional reinsurance
Excess of Loss treaty reinsurance
Stop Loss

14. Facultative proportional Reinsurance per risk reinsurance
30%
70%
80%
100%
20%
Buy out
of top
exposure
“Fronting” of
Captive
Buy out
of unwanted
risks
Three examples where facultative proportional reinsurance is used
The proportion is used both when sharing premium and claims
The insurance conditions are often discussed with lead reinsurer before
the policy are written

15. Quota Share
Premium
Claims
Reinsured
share
50%
50%
Own account
50%
50%

16. Quota Share
Treaty capacity 50 million (exposure per risk; sum insured or PML)
Placed share 50% (every risk is ceded 50%)
Overrider commission 10% (negotiable)
As long as the exposure of a risk is less than or equal to the treaty capacity the risk shall be ceded to the treaty and both premiums and claims are shared in the agreed proportions.

17. Quota Share and Fac
If single risks have and exposure greater than the QS capacity the risks have to be reduced to the max limit before entered to the treaty.
Proportional fac. is often used for this purpose
It is not seldom that facultative reinsurers are not paying overrider commission

18. Exercise 1 QS Program: 50% quota share with treaty capacity 50 million
Brokerage Nil
Overrider commission 10%
Portfolio:
Exposure 50 million, premium
What will be the net* ceded premium to reinsurers?
The risk has a claim of 1 million , what is the claim recovery from reinsurers?
* Premium net of commissions

19. Exercise 1 QS

20. Exercise 2 QS Program: 80% quota share with treaty capacity 50 million
Brokerage Nil
Overrider commission 10%
Portfolio of 5 risks:
Exposure 75 million, premium
Exposure 50 million, premium
Exposure 30 million, premium
Exposure 2 million, premium
Exposure , Premium
Do we need to use Fac to reduce the exposure to the treaty?
What will be the net ceded premium to reinsurers?
Risk 2 has a claim of 1 million and risk 4 has a claim of What is the total claims recovery from reinsurers?

21. Exercise 2 QS

22. Surplus treaty Each risk is ceded with an individual share
Max retention for each risk is a fixed amount
Ceded share is the share of the risk exceeding max retention
Example:
A risk with exposure (PML) 100
Insurance company’s max retention 25
Ceded share to reinsurers (100-25)/100 = 75%
Treaty capacity is often expressed in number of lines where one line in the company’s max retention
Brokerage is ceded and claims recovered in the same per cent as premium
Overrider is to be agreed
The Nordic Association of Marine Insurers

23. Surplus treaty Each risk is ceded with an individual share
Exposure
25%
50%
29%
57%
14%
30%
60%
10%
33%
67%
38%
62%
43%
40%
75%
100%
Fac. reinsurance
Reinsurance
2 lines = 60
Own retention
1 lines = 30

24. Facultative non-proportional reinsurance Excess of Loss (XL) per risk reinsurance50
100
Exposure
Reinsured
Deductable
Expressed as:
Cover is 50 in excess of 50 (deductable)
The treaty covers claims in excess of deductable.
For this the cedent pays an agreed premium.

25. Excess of loss treaty. Cover all claims in an agreed portfolio for a limit in excess of underlying
Reinsured
Own retention
This treaty is expressed as a treaty 80 excess of (xs) 20

26. Excess of Loss premium
Premiums are agreed and are not directly linked to portfolio premium
Often expressed as a RoL, meaning premium divided by cover limit multiplied by 100. If you pay 300 for a limit of the rate is 30 on line.
Premiums are usually adjustable to portfolio premium. The premiums are agreed on a bases of an Estimated Premium Income (EPI). If the premium income increases in excess of EPI, the treaty premium increases with the same percentage.
A minimum and deposit premium is often agreed

27. Excess of Loss Reinstatement premium
When buying a XL-treaty you buy the right to draw on the reinsurers for claims in excess of underlying up to a full agreed limit.
The treaty 80 xs 20 gives you the right to collect 80 from the reinsurers if the claim is 100 or more, or you can collect 20 from each of 5 claims which are 40, then the cover is exhausted.
Usually it is agreed that after a claim you reinstate the cover by paying an additional premium (reinstatement premium). This can be expressed as:
2 reinstatement at 100, meaning that you have the right and the obligation to reinstate the cover two times by paying an additional premium equal to the original agreed premium for each reinstatement. The reinstatement premiums shall also be adjusted. There are also treaties with the wording: free and unlimited reinstatement meaning that no additional premium is charged and there are no restrictions to how many times you can use the limit.

28. Layered XL - program 50 xs 50 3rd layer 2nd layer 30 xs 20 1st layer
Retention

29. Layered XL - program 4th layer 50 xs 100 with 1 reinstatement at 100
3rd layer
50 xs 50 with 2 reinstatement at 100
30 xs 20 with 2 reinstatement at 100
2nd layer
10 xs 10 XS 30 in the aggregate* with
2 reinstatement at 100
1st layer
Retention
*In the aggregate; you can not collect from reinsurers before claims to layer
exceeds the agreed aggregated amount

30. Exercise 3a XL-program 2 layered program:
1st layer 10 xs 10 with 2 reinstatement at 100. Rate on line (RoL) is 25.
2nd layer 30 xs 20 with 2 reinstatements at 100. RoL is 15.
Minimum and deposit premium is equal to estimated premium
What is estimated premium for layer 1 and 2?

31. Exercise 3b XL-program 2 layered program:
1st layer 10 xs 10 with 2 reinstatement at 100. Rate on line (RoL) is 25.
2nd layer 30 xs 20 with 2 reinstatements at 100. RoL is 15.
Total premium written is 66 million at the end of the year
There are no claims to the program
The program is adjustable at an Estimated Premium Income (EPI) of 60.
What is the total adjusted premium for layer 1 and 2?

32. Exercise 4 XL-program 2 layered program:
1st layer 10 xs 10 with 2 reinstatement at 100. Rate on line (RoL) is 25.
2nd layer 30 xs 20 with 2 reinstatements at 100. RoL is 15.
Minimum and deposit premium is equal to estimated premium
The program is adjustable at an EPI of 60.
What is estimated premium for layer 1 and 2?
There are 3 large claims in the year: one is 30, the 2nd one is 12 and the third is 15. Calculate the claim recovery from each layer.

33. Exercise 5 XL-program 2 layered program:
1st layer 10 xs 10 with 2 reinstatement at 100. Rate on line (RoL) is 25.
2nd layer 30 xs 20 with 2 reinstatements at 100. RoL is 15.
Minimum and deposit premium is equal to estimated premium
The program is adjustable at an EPI of 60.
What is estimated premium for layer 1 and 2?
There are 3 large claims in the year: one is 30, the 2nd one is 12 and the third is 15. Calculate the claim recovery from each layer.
What will be the reinstatement costs and the net recoveries from reinsurers?

34. Exercise 6 XL-program 2 layered program:
1st layer 10 xs 10 with 2 reinstatement at 100. Rate on line (RoL) is 25.
2nd layer 30 xs 20 with 2 reinstatements at 100. RoL is 15.
The program is adjustable at an EPI of 60. Minimum and deposit premium is equal to estimated premium.
What is estimated premium for layer 1 and 2?
There are 3 large claims in the year: one is 30, the 2nd one is 12 and the third is 15. Calculate the claim recovery from each layer.
What will be the reinstatement costs?
The total premium income for the portfolio under the program has reached 66. Recalculate the premium for the program and the reinstatement premium (adjusted premium).

35. Exercise 6 XL-program
The Nordic Association of Marine Insurers

36. Combination of Quota Share and Excess of Loss
A Quota Share treaty will often leave the insurer with a possibility for unacceptably large losses.
It is therefore common to protect the portfolio for own account after the Quota Share treaty by an Excess of Loss program.
Example: A 50% Quota Share with capacity 100 where own retention is protected by an excess of loss program 40 xs 10.

37. Reinsurance security Ability and willingness to pay claims
Rating
Market approach (long term player or? History?)
Long tail business?
Ability to pay (Risk of default)
Willingness to pay
The right reinsurance panel is important

38. Have we achieved? Discovering why companies use reinsurance
Underwriting capacity
Earnings volatility
Capital protection
Understanding different types of reinsurance
Facultative reinsurance
Treaty reinsurance; proportional and non-proportional
Pool
Reinsurance in practice, understanding the impact of reinsurance
Quota Share
Excess of loss with and without aggregate

39. The Nordic Association of Marine Insurers