1. Functions 1

2.  How long is MAC address?  How is mac address used in data communication?  What is a frame?  What does an IP address look like? 2

3. 3 TCP IP Virtual End-to-end Connection

4. 4  Network layer is responsible for moving data through a set of networks.  Router (R) helps to forward data through different networks  IP protocol operates at Network Layer R R - Router RR R R R

5. 5  Large networks are divided into many small networks  Networks identified by their network addresses ◦ Example: 192.168.254.10, subnet mask: 255.255.255.0

6. 6  Network address helps to identify path (route) through network from start to destination.  Each network has an address, a number that is common to all PCs on the network  1.0 as 1 is the common number between 1.1, 1.2, 1.3 ◦ Each PC within the network has an address (blue ring), e.g., 1.3  What is the network address for Eagle Server? Router Figure 2

7. 7  Also called Layer 3 or Protocol address or logical address ◦ Configurable - can be changed by changing TCP/IP settings ◦ Needs to change when device is moved to a network having different network address

8. 8 Hierarchy in IP addressing IP addresses are hierarchical They have a defined structure Conceptually each IP address is a pair divided into a prefix and a suffix –Prefix, also called (net-id) identifies network to which computers are attached. –Suffix, aka, (host-id) identifies hosts within that network.

9. 9 IP Addresses are 32 bits. Divide into four 8 bit sections (octets). Convert from binary to decimal.

10. 10  Five different classes of IP addresses ◦ A, B, C, D, E  Class A, B and C are primary classes  Used for assigning IP addresses  Class D, E used for special purposes ◦ Class D for multicast addresses  E.g., Videoconferencing ◦ Class E addresses are reserved for experimentation

11. 11 Network ID Host ID Network IDHost ID 8 16 Class A 32 Class B 10 Class C 110 Multicast Addresses Class D 1110 Reserved for experiments Class E 1111 248  How to associate an address with a class  Look at the first group of numbers in the dotted decimal notation  ClassRange  A0-127  B128-191  C192-223  D224-239  E240-255 Which Class has the largest Host ID and how many bits long?

12. 12  Subnet mask identifies the boundary between netid and hostid  Default subnet masks are ◦ Class A : 255.0.0.0 ◦ Class B : 255.255.0.0 ◦ Class C : 255.255.255.0  Which class has more hosts?  Which class supports more networks? Network Host Network Host Network Host 1st octet2nd octet3rd octet4th octet Class A Class B Class C

13. 13  Logical ‘AND’ IP address and subnet mask to get Net-ID. ◦ E.g. IP address is 192.24.134.23, Find Network ID using default subnet mask of 255.255.255.0 for class C  Find the binary representation of IP address and subnet mask  Logical ‘AND’ with subnet mask  11000000.00011000.10000110.00010111 IP Address  11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000 Subnet mask 11000000.00011000.10001010.00000000 Network ID  Convert binary to decimal value ◦ Network ID: 192.24.134.0 AND

14. 14 223.1.1.1 223.1.1.2 223.1.1.3 223.1.1.4 223.1.2.9 223.1.2.2 223.1.2.1 What is the class of IP address in the figure? Router

15. 15  Underline the network portion of each address: Network Address Subnet Mask 172.0.0.0255.0.0.0 172.16.0.0255.255.0.0 192.168.1.0255.255.255.0 192.168.0.0255.255.0.0 192.168.0.0255.255.255.0 10.1.1.0/24 10.2.0.0/16 10.0.0.0/16  What is the other portion of the address?

16. 16  Underline the network portion of each address: Network Address Subnet Mask 172.0.0.0255.0.0.0 172.16.0.0255.255.0.0 192.168.1.0255.255.255.0 192.168.0.0255.255.0.0 192.168.0.0255.255.255.0 10.1.1.0/24 10.2.0.0/16 10.0.0.0/16  What is the other portion of the address?