1. Prohibition by G.K.Chesterton From What I Saw in America, Dodd, Mead and Company, Inc. 1922 Course Title: Writing Prose Instructor: Liu Hongyong 2008-2009, 1 st term

2. Warming Up What is Prohibition? 1. Prohibition — in general, it refers to the use of criminal law to criminalize conduct that a large number of us seem to want to engage in. 2. A specific law, also called Dry Law which prohibits the manufacture, transportation, import, export and sale of alcoholic beverages. 3. The specific historical period in some countries during which the Dry Law was enforced.

3. Prohibition: Why, How and What Why Prohibition? Health concern: addiction, intoxication. (heart, liver, stomach, throat, facial features, aging quicker, weaker offspring, corrupting mind and thinking, etc.) Cultural context: religious and cultural tradition Family problem: family violence/domestic violence (wife beating and child abuse). Social problem: accidents and crimes (traffic accident, robbery, murder, rape, fights and enmity, etc.) Economic problem: waste of grain, waste of money.

4. Prohibition: Why, How and What How to Prohibit? Legislations: Dry Law, local or nation-wide. Taxation Restricted license policy: manufacture and/or sales. Education

5. Prohibition: Why, How and What What Consequences? Positive: reducing disease/domestic violence/social problem, keeping tradition pure, etc. Negative: loss of tax income, unemployment, illegal dealings (black market), etc.

6. Alcohol consumption in the world

7. Prohibition in the West 1900 – 1948: Prince Edward Island, and for shorter periods in other locations in Canada.

8. Prohibition in the West 1910 – 1928: Australia's capital city, Canberra. Alcohol is prohibited in many remote indigenous communities across Australia. Penalties for transporting alcohol into these "dry" communities are severe and can result in confiscation of any vehicles involved.indigenousAustralia

9. Prohibition in the West 1914 – 1925: Russia and the Soviet Union.

10. Prohibition in the West 1917 – 1955: Sweden "Payday evening - vote yes!"; A poster of a drunk husband in front of his crying wife and children; encouraging voters to vote for prohibition.

11. Prohibition in the West 1919 – 1932: Finland

12. Prohibition in the West 1920 – 1933: The USA.

13. 1920 – 1933: The United States. Causes: Domestic: Women reformers were concerned about alcohol's link to wife beating and child abuse; Economic: Industrialists were concerned about the impact of drinking on labor productivity. Social: Advocates of Prohibition argued that outlawing drinking would eliminate corruption. Cultural: It was to make life more puritanical by eliminating alcohol abuse as American values were heavily influenced by Puritanism which stressed temperance and accumulation of wealth. Military: Prohibition was defended as a war measure. It was asserted that grain should be made into bread for fighting men and not for liquor. Prohibition in the West

14. 1920 – 1933: The United States. Process: Temperance Movements: In 1657, the General Court of Massachusetts made illegal the sale of strong liquor; In 1789, a temperance association in Connecticut was formed; In 1869, Prohibition Party was founded; In 1873, the Woman's Christian Temperance Union was founded; In 1881, Kansas became the first state to outlaw alcoholic beverages in its Constitution; In the Progressive Era (1890-1920), the Anti-Saloon League became the most influential advocate of prohibition.General Court of MassachusettsConnecticutProhibition PartyWoman's Christian Temperance UnionKansasConstitutionProgressive EraAnti-Saloon League In 1920, The Prohibition Amendment or The 18th Amendment was enacted. Prohibition became a national law. ( http://www.classbrain.com/artteenst/publish/18th_amendment.shtml) http://www.classbrain.com/artteenst/publish/18th_amendment.shtml In 1933, The 21 st Amendment was enacted. Prohibition came to an end. Prohibition in the West

15. 1920 – 1933: The United States. At the end of Prohibition some supporters openly admitted its failure. A quote from a letter, written in 1932 by wealthy industrialist John D. Rockefeller, Jr., states: When Prohibition was introduced, I hoped that it would be widely supported by public opinion and the day would soon come when the evil effects of alcohol would be recognized. I have slowly and reluctantly come to believe that this has not been the result. Instead, drinking has generally increased; the speakeasy has replaced the saloon; a vast army of lawbreakers has appeared; many of our best citizens have openly ignored Prohibition; respect for the law has been greatly lessened; and crime has soared to a level never seen before. Prohibition in the West

16. Prohibition Documentary Prohibition documentary http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OiYqFXmVA Fg&feature=related American Dry Spell http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wqid7KvEKi 0&feature=related Read the essay in the handout!

17. Prohibition in Middle East

18. Alcohol is prohibited in most Muslim countries Saudi Arabia and Kuwait: completely ban the production, transportation and consumption of alcohol and impose strict penalties on those violating the ban. Libya: bans the import, sale and consumption of alcohol, with heavy penalties for offenders. Qatar: bans the import of alcohol and it is a punishable offense to drink alcohol or be drunk in public. Alcohol is, however, available at licensed hotel restaurants and bars.

19. Prohibition in Middle East The United Arab Emirates: does not restrict the purchase of alcohol from a liquor store to non-Muslim foreigners who have residence permits and who have an Interior Ministry liquor license. Egypt and Turkey: do not have any ban on alcohol, and production as well as consumption are legal, under the provision that minors below the age of 18 cannot legally purchase alcoholic beverages.

20. Prohibition in South Asia

21. India: some states are dry, e g. Gujarat and Mizoram. Certain national holidays such as Independence Day and Gandhi Jayanti (birthday of Mahatma Gandhi) are meant to be dry nationally.GujaratMizoram Gandhi JayantiMahatma Gandhi Pakistan: allowed the free sale and consumption of alcohol for three decades from 1947, but restrictions were introduced in 1977. Since then, only members of non- Muslim minorities such as Hindus and Christians are allowed to apply for permits for alcohol.HindusChristians Bangladesh: has imposed prohibition, though some hotels and restaurants are licensed to sell alcohol to foreigners.

22. Prohibition in Southeast Asia

23. Thailand: bans the selling of alcohol in the afternoon (to prevent schoolchildren from buying alcohol), during elections, on Buddhist religious holidays.

24. Prohibition in China 1999, 《中华人民共和国预防未成年人犯罪法》 (Law of the People's Republic of China on Prevention of Juvenile Delinquency) 规定， “ 任 何经营场所不得向未成年人出售烟酒 ”(No business places may sell cigarettes or alcoholic drinks to juveniles); 2005, 《酒类流通管理办法》规定，酒类经营者不得向未成年人销 售酒类商品，并应当在经营场所显著位置予以明示。 “ 对违反规定 的，由商务主管部门或会同有关部门予以警告，责令改正；情节严 重的，处 2000 元以下罚款。 ”

25. General Attitude: Alcohol is a gift from God (as a medicine and a stimulant), but drunkenness a sin. Christianity and Alcohol

26. Islam and Alcohol How Much Do You Know About Islam? What is the symbol of Islam? Crescent What is the holy book of Islam? Quran What is the worshipping place of Islam? Mosque Who is the founder of Islam? Muhammad What does Islam mean? Submission to the god of Islam -- Allah What does Muslim mean? Those who submit to the god of Islam

27. Islam and Alcohol Crescent

28. Islam and Alcohol Quran

29. Islam and Alcohol Mosque

30. Islam and Alcohol General Attitude: ALCOHOL IS THE MOTHER OF ALL SINS. Once a pious man met a woman, who invited him towards committing a sin (adultery). The man flatly refused. After her constant insisting, she still failed. Thereafter, she gave him a choice of options, 1. Committing adultery with her or 2. To murder her newly born child, whom she had begot from her previous husband. Or 3. To consume some alcohol which she possessed. If he were not willing to comply, then she would scream and falsely inform the inhabitants of that place that he had raped her. The man upon pondering decided to consume the alcohol, taking it to be least harmful of the three sins. Upon the consumption of alcohol, he became intoxicated, and then consequently, he killed the child and also committed adultery with the woman.

31. Islam and Alcohol Alcohol is a disease Alcohol is Satan’s handiwork

32. Buddhism and Alcohol How Much Do You Know About Buddhism? Who is the founder of Buddhism ( 一佛 )? Siddhartha Gautama Buddha; Shakyamuni ("sage of the Shakyas clan") What does Buddha mean? "Awakened one" or "Enlightened One" (Sanskrit, Pali) What are the two main branches of Buddhism ( 二派 )? Theravada ( 小乘 ); Mahayana ( 大乘 ) What are The Three Jewels ( 三宝 )? the Buddha (the Awakened One, 佛 ), the Dharma (the Teaching of the Buddha, 法 ) and the Sangha (the Community of Buddhists, 僧 ).

33. Buddhism and Alcohol What are The Four Noble Truths ( 四谛 )? suffering( 苦 ); the causes of suffering( 集,desires); the end of suffering( 灭 ); the way leading to the end of suffering( 道 ). What are The Five Precepts ( 五戒 )? No killing; No stealing; No sexual misconduct; No lying; No alcohol. What are The Noble Eightfold Path ( 八道 )? Right understanding( 正见 ); Right thinking( 正思 ); Right speech( 正语 ); Right action( 正业 ); Right livelihood( 正命 ); Right effort( 正精进 ); Right mindfulness( 正念 ); Right concentration( 正定 ).

34. Buddhism and Alcohol General Attitude Buddhism warns against alcohol and other intoxicating substances. Buddhism emphasizes wisdom. Taking intoxicant will descend and lose the seed of wisdom. It seems that taking intoxicant is not hurting others. However, if we are drunk and lose our consciousness, we may easily commit evil deeds and hurt others. Therefore, one who breaks this precept will tend to break all other precepts along with it.

35. Buddhism and Alcohol Buddha

36. Buddhism and Alcohol Temples

37. Buddhism and Alcohol Buddhists

38. Gilbert Keith Chesterton Born: May 29, 1874, London, England. Died: June 14, 1936 (aged 62), Beaconsfield, England. Occupation: Journalist, Novelist. Genres: Journalism, Poetry, Biography, Fantasy, Detective Fiction, Christian apologetics. Religious Affiliation: Roman Catholic. Writings: Around 80 books, several hundred poems, some 200 short stories, 4000 essays, and several plays. G. K. Chesterton (1874 – 1936) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._K._Chesterton

39. Chesterton is regarded as the greatest writer and the greatest thinker of the 20th century. Gorge Bernard Shaw called Chesterton a “colossal genius” (a pun: Chesterton was a large man, standing 6 feet 4 inches (1.93 m) and weighing around 21 stone (134 kg). America in Chesterton’s Eyes: What I Saw in America begins as a travelogue but eventually becomes an extended reflection on what makes a nation a nation. America is "the only nation in the world that is founded on a creed“. It is necessarily a religious nation and has "the soul of a church". G. K. Chesterton (1874 – 1936) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._K._Chesterton

40. Now Prohibition, whether as a proposal in England or a pretence in America, simply means that the man who has drunk less shall have no drink, and the man who has drunk more shall have all the drink. 当今英国实行禁酒只是个议案，而美国实行禁酒是一种 欺骗。无论是前者还是后者，禁酒只不过意味着很少喝 酒的人无酒喝，酒喝得多的人则应有尽有。 Text Study

41. What makes the author label the Prohibition in USA a pretence? The author regards ‘Prohibition’ as an instance of state hypocrisy. In order to divert public attention, the government seeks to attribute moral degradation and other social ills to immoderate drinking. As a matter of fact, the government knows quite well where to locate the source of trouble. This is what makes the author labels the Prohibition as a pretence in the USA. Text Study

42. Why is that “the man who has drunk less shall have no drink and the man who has drunk more shall have all the drink”? Once prohibited, alcoholic beverages can be attained by illegal means only and by exorbitant prices. Therefore, only the rich can afford such luxury, and only the rich can defy Prohibition with impunity, and only the rich can turn Prohibition into an occasion for making immediate profits as they work with the police. Text Study

43. What does it imply by “the old gentleman shall be carried home in a cab drunker than ever; but that, in order to make it quite safe for him to drink to excess, the man who drives him shall be forbidden to drink even in moderation”? Take into account the significance of the contrast. It implies that Prohibition, like other decrees and regulations in a class society, applies to the lower classes mainly. With the poor kept in control, the rich and powerful are even more at liberty to drink. Text Study

44. What makes the statement “that is what it means; that is all it means; that is all it ever will mean” extremely impressive and effective? It reveals a never-failing universal truth: As long as the basic rights of the poor are trampled under foot, laws and regulations can only benefit the rich by imposing more restrictions over the poor. Text Study

45. By pairing the adjectives Luxurious and advanced (8) and poor and fanatical (9) what may Chesterton be implying about the relationship between these qualities? The rich and the poor; the rulers and the ruled; the educated and the less educated; those who break the tradition and those who obey. Text Study

46. Translate the following sentence into Chinese and paraphrase the underlined part: This is what it means and all it means; and men are divided about it according to whether they believe in a certain transcendental concept called “justice,” expressed in a more mystical paradox as the equality of men. 这就是禁酒的含义，而且是它的全部含义。对于禁酒，人 们的看法截然不同，其分界是看他们是否相信某个称之为 “ 公正 ” 的抽象概念，如果用一个更加神秘的悖论之语来表达 该概念，即为 “ 人人平等 ” 。 a vague concept called “justice”, which is difficult to understand. Text Study

47. Why does the writer use transcendental to modify the concept of justice and why is “justice” in quotation marks? The concept of justice is something that cannot be materially measured. It is a matter of conscience, based on subjective experience. It is therefore regarded as transcendental. transcendental: beyond the limits of human knowledge, experience or reason. Because it is not true. Text Study

48. Why does the writer regard the expression of “the equality of men” as an even more mystical paradox? “Equality of men” is a controversial concept and slogan many have regarded as unfeasible and even deceptive, but paradoxically enough, it lives in the heart of the honest people. Text Study

49. Paradox: A statement or concept that contains conflicting ideas. The word paradox is often used interchangeably with contradiction. It is often used to describe situations that are ironic to achieve the effect of irony. Text Study

50. Chesterton has been called the "prince of paradox”. “Thieves respect property. They merely wish the property to become their property that they may more perfectly respect it.” "You can only find truth with logic if you have already found truth without it." "Too much capitalism does not mean too many capitalists, but too few capitalists." "The reformer is always right about what is wrong. He is generally wrong about what is right." "The aim of good prose words is to mean what they say. The aim of good poetical words is to mean what they do not say." "Love means loving the unlovable - or it is no virtue at all.“ "Journalism largely consists of saying 'Lord Jones is Dead' to people who never knew that Lord Jones was alive."

51. The only people permitted to ask questions were those who never did. The Chaplain was sincerely a very helpful person who was never able to help anyone. The one who hated war the most was the one who’d really fought. All of the true things I am about to tell you are shameless lies. Good judgment comes from experience; experience comes from bad judgment. More haste, less speed.

52. Translate the following sentence into Chinese and paraphrase the underlined part: So long as you do not believe in justice, and so long as you are rich and really confident of remaining so, you can have Prohibition and be as drunk as you choose. 只要你不相信正义，只要你富有，而且永远富有，你就 可以左右禁酒令而且想要喝得多醉就喝得多醉。 Agree; Support Text Study

53. 1.Who is this writing meant for? This writing is meant for a sympathetic public in need of guiding, education and orientation, in particular, for those who are less educated and those who still maintain faith in the transcendental concept called “justice”. 2.What is Chesterton’s main purpose of writing about Prohibition? (1) to disclose the hypocritical nature of Prohibition and illustrate the paradox contained in Prohibition. (2) to disclose the hypocritical nature of all laws or decrees in the polarized society and emphasize the fact that no law or decree can be brought into effect on a universal basis. (3) to open the eyes of the public, especially those poor and fanatical and less educated, and to call his readers’ attention to human inequality and the resultant evils. Reader and Purpose

54. Restatement A writing technique in which the writer repeats key ideas in different words so as to avoid monotony. To say something again without using the actual words spoken. Restatement led by the signal words: or, that is to say, I mean, that is, namely, in other words, etc. Restatement led by punctuation marks: comma, dash, semicolon, etc. Writing Techniques

55. Examples of Restatement NEW INFORMATION SIGNAL RESTATEMENT Spontaneously, that is, without planning, the students lifted the teacher onto their shoulders. Mrs. Miller loved the tranquility, the peace and quietness, after everybody had gone to work. All students showed apathy - a lack of interest - in doing assignments on such a hot day.

56. Climax A figure of speech in which a series of thought or statements are arranged in the order of increasing importance. That is what it means; that is all it means; that is all it ever will mean. Writing Techniques

57. Balanced Construction (or Sentence) A sentence containing two distinctive halves, each of almost the same length and importance. Similar constructions appear in the same place in each half and balance one another. A symmetrical arrangement of contrastive ideas in almost the same constructions. Writing Techniques

58. Examples of Balanced Construction (or Sentence) the man who has drunk less shall have no drink, and the man who has drunk more shall have all the drink. the old gentleman shall be carried home in a cab drunker than ever; but the man who drives him shall be forbidden to drink even in moderation. where the luxurious and advanced drink champagne, the poor and fanatical drink water. Writing Techniques

59. Parallel Construction (Parallelism) Constructions are parallel when two or more words, phrases, or clauses of the same grammatical rank are related in the same way to the same word (s). The deliberate arrangement of two or more phrases or clauses which are similar in structure to create vigorous rhythm and deeper impression. Writing Techniques

60. Examples of Parallelism where the wealthy are all at this moment sipping their cocktails, and discussing how much harder laborers can be made to work if only they can be kept from festivity. A nation of the people, for the people, and by the people shall not perish from the earth. He tried to make the law clear, precise and equitable. Writing Techniques

61. Punctuation: Semicolon Functions It binds two sentences more closely than they would be if separated by a full stop/period. It is used as a stronger division than a comma, or a "super comma," to make meaning clear in a sentence. Examples I went to the pool; I was informed that it was closed. (but) I am alone; my wife left me. (because) I like to eat cows; however, they don't like to be eaten by me. (a ‘run-on’ in meaning). Find out examples in the text! Writing Techniques

62. Punctuation: Semicolon In line 7 and again in line 12 we find semicolons between independent clauses. Are the semicolons equally necessary in these two sentences? In lines 8 and 9 there are semicolons before subordinate clauses, where a contemporary writer would employ commas. Can you justify Chesterton’s usage in these cases?

63. Why is each of the following alternates less effective than the word Chesterton employed: man for gentleman (4), drinking for sipping (10), drinks for cocktails (10)? Look up: Prohibition (1), fanatical (9), transcendental (13), mystical (14), and paradox (14). How many times in this paragraph does Chesterton make use of the verb mean? Diction

64. Smoking is prohibited in most theaters. Modesty prohibits me from saying what happened. I will tell you how his mother's fanatical feminist views tore us apart. Transcendental meditation can help ward off stroke. In Thailand I had a mystical experience in a big temple. It is a paradox that in such a rich country there are so many poor people.

65. Write a composition of about 400 words on one of the following topics: Drug Prohibition Gun Prohibition Smoking Prohibition Prohibition of Abortion Gambling Prohibition In the first part of your writing you should present your thesis statement. In the second part you should support the thesis statement with appropriate details. In the last part you should bring what you have written to a natural conclusion with a summary. Submit your e-version to: liuhongyong@scnu.edu.cn Due time: in two weeks. Assignment

66. Chesterton expressed his contempt for those who got control of Prohibition, showing sympathy for the poor. The writer’s intention is not to interpret the Prohibition Act, nor is it his sole aim to express his outrage of the way Prohibition was being carried out in the US, What he does in this selection is to illuminate the paradox contained in the Prohibition. It is human inequality and the resultant evils to which he calls his readers’ attention. In the society that has been polarized into two classes, laws and regulations can have very little binding force on the rich and privileged. Like Prohibition, justice can be only a false show designed to impose greater restrictions on the poor and deprived. This central idea is stated over and over again, each time with the author presenting some new aspects of the same issue. He eventually succeeds in conveying the reader of the hypocritical nature of law and injustice in general. This writing is meant for a sympathetic public in need of guiding, education and orientation, in particular, for those who still maintain faith in the transcendental concept called “justice”. A Review of Prohibition