1. Combinations & Permutations

2. Essentials: Permutations & Combinations (So that’s how we determine the number of possible samples!) Definitions: Permutation; Factorial; Combination. What a Factorial is and how to use it. Ability to determine the number of permutations or combinations resulting from a stated situation. Extras here: Tree diagrams & the multiplication rule.

3. Factorials The Factorial of a number is the multiplication of that number by every smaller number down to 1. The Factorial Notation is n!, where n represents the number and the “!” indicates the factorial process. Note the following: By definition 0! = 1 Example: 8! = 8 * 7 *6 * 5 * 4 * 3 * 2 *1 = 40,320

4. Permutations A Permutation is an arrangement of n objects in a specific order using r objects at a time.

5. Permutations: Examples Example: A news program has time to present 2 of four available news stories. How many ways can the evening news be set up? Checking the process: If we let A, B, C, D represent the four shows, then the possible show orders would be: AB BA CA DA AC BC CB DB AD BD CD DC Twelve (12) possible presentations where order matters.

6. Combinations A combination is the selection of r objects from n objects without regard to order.

7. Combinations: Examples Example: A news program has time to present 2 of four available news stories. How many different sets of stories can be presented on the evening news? Checking the process: If we let A, B, C, D represent the four shows, then the possible show orders would be: AB BA CA DA AC BC CB DB AD BD CD DC However, AB and BA represent the presentation of the same two stories. If order does not matter, one of these two may be deleted. Repeating the process results in: AB, AC, AD, BC, BD, CD, Six (6) different presentations where order does not matter.

8. Tree Diagrams A Tree Diagram systematically lists all possible ways a sequence of events can occur. Advantage: Visual display of sequential events. Disadvantage: Only practical where the number of choices are small. Example: What are the possible results of flipping a coin twice? H T H T Results: HH HT TH TT

9. Multiplication Rule (events independent) In a sequence of n events in which the first event has k 1 possibilities, the second event k 2, etc. (to k n ), the total number of possibilities is k 1 * k 2 * …* k n-1 * k n. Example 1: What are the possible results of flipping a coin twice? Answer: 2 * 2 = 4 The Multiplication Rule replaces tree diagrams of any size. Consider the tree diagram that would result from the following example. Example 2: What are the dinner possibilities if there are 10 beverages, 6 appetizers, 11 entrees, and 8 desserts? Answer: 10 * 6 * 11 * 8 = 5,280 dinner possibilities.