1. Impact evaluation Evaluate new tools Translate new knowledge into policy and implementation Knowledge gap Program implementation

2. Research on HIV, TB and malaria achievements Globally, remarkable progress in control of HIV, TB and malaria in last two decades: millions of lives have been saved Progress made possible by research contributions to improved control: – HIV: discovery of anti-retroviral drugs; demonstrating their impact on transmission – TB: multidrug regimens, outcome monitoring – Malaria: ACT, insecticide-treated bed nets

3. KEMRI & CDC public health and research collaboration since 35 years 1. Insecticide-treated bed net trial informing global malaria control policy 2. Kisumu breastfeeding study informing PMTCT guidelines 3. HPTN 052: transmission impact of ARV: treatment as prevention 1. Lindblade et al JAMA 2004 2. Thomas et al PLoS Med 2011 3. Cohen et al. N Engl J Med 2011

4. Major challenges research response Despite progress, elimination of HIV, TB and malaria as public health threats still far away Ambitious sustainable development goals adopted (end epidemics…) Priority studies for KEMRI and CDC collaboration: – Population based studies on maximum impact of current tools – Clinical studies to evaluate new tools Other research priorities: – New tools development, operational research, social science research

5. Population based studies impact of current tools HIV: population impact of combined interventions in particular diagnosis and treatment TB: impact of improved case finding plus improved TB prevention (ART, LTBI treatment) Malaria: feasibility of pre- elimination in high transmission area NTDs: optimum delivery of MDA

6. Clinical studies evaluation of new tools HIV: PoC diagnostics; various drug trials (ARVs) and prevention trials (e.g. vaginal ring) TB: diagnostic platform; various drug trials (e.g. short course preventive therapy, new TB drugs, TB-HIV treatment), vaccine trials Malaria: low dose primaquine among children to reduce transmission NTDs: PoC diagnostics schistosomiasis Often multicentre, e.g. ACTG, TBTC

7. Conclusions Research relatively easy to translate into health programs, if this translation is considered in formulating research questions Major role for research in accelerating the control of communicable diseases in high- burden, low-income settings