2. Mainstreaming Gender into Agriculture Census
Regional Workshop on Linking Population with Agriculture Censuses, Amman, June 2012
Mainstreaming Gender into Agriculture Census
Neda Jafar

3. Reliable and accurate data are the basis for evidence-based and informed policy-making processes.
In particular, sex-disaggregated data are needed to raise consciousness on the different roles of women and men in rural society, and the unequal access to resources, in order to persuade policy makers to promote change through gender-sensitive policies.
Sex-disaggregated data provide an unbiased basis for informed policy making processes as well as support to monitor and evaluate them .
(Hedman B. et al, 1996).
However, despite the increasing attention to gender statistics, there is still limited focus on gender indicators in agricultural, food and nutrition statistics.
Gender breakdown is prominent in social and health statistics, while most agricultural indicators are gender-blind.

4. Contents Sources of Gender Statistics Challenges Agriculture Census
WCA 2010
Gender Mainstreaming
Gender indicators
Frameworks

5. Sources of Gender Statistics
Agricultural censuses
Population censuses
Labour force
Income & Expenditure
Socio-economic
Time use
VAW
Sources of Gender Statistics
There are various sources to produce gender statistics such as agricultural and population censuses, expenditure and consumption surveys, socio-economic surveys, and introduced more specific indicators on the agricultural labour force, sex-disaggregated data on time use, and on the diverse sources of incomes of agricultural/rural households.
As there are at least three official methods for enumerating and grouping labour force/employed population in agriculture, when comparing data under these indicators, compatibility should be carefully cross-checked. Institutional labour surveys covers only paid labour of enterprises, while Labour Force Surveys reflect on main occupation, therefore it cannot be compared with the data from agricultural census where supplementary agricultural activities are also surveyed
When collecting and compiling demographic and labour data on rural populations, the differences in classifications and terminology, as well as of the level of specificity of the proposed data items/ indicators, should be noted carefully and taken into account.

6. Challenges To mainstream Gender fully in Statistical Systems
To investigate national gender issues thoroughly and overcome underproduction & underreporting of relevant gender statistics
To gender sensitize agriculture census operations in all its phases and make use of all the different tools
To raise awareness and literacy in gender at all levels
To improve coverage of women and provide good gender statistics & detailed information at the sectoral level
To enhance census content by carrying out large-scale sample surveys to investigate specific gender issues in depth within census operation

7. Agriculture Census
Contribution of women to agricultural development is not well-understood because of:
lack of data
inaccurate measurements
Agriculture census can be important vehicle for studying:
social and cultural patterns of agricultural and rural development as they relate to women,
distribution of agricultural work within households,
interactions between different household members in the management and operation of agricultural holdings.
The contribution of women to agricultural development is often not well-understood because of:
lack of data
the problems in accurately measuring women's involvement in agricultural production activities.
The agricultural census can be an important vehicle for studying:
social and cultural patterns of agricultural and rural development as they relate to women,
distribution of agricultural work within households,
interactions between different household members in the management and operation of agricultural holdings.

8. Economic activity / division of labour Sub-holdings Sub-holders
WCA 2010
Agricultural holder
Economic activity / division of labour
Sub-holdings
Sub-holders
World Programme for the Census of Agriculture 2010 (WCA 2010) new elements
The identification of the agricultural holder provides the basis for comparing the characteristics of holdings operated by men and women.
Analysing aspects such as area of holding, cropping patterns, and use of different agricultural practices can help to focus on the problems faced by women in operating agricultural holdings.
In WCA 2010, the concept of agricultural holder has been modified to recognize that the agricultural holder could be a group of persons - for example, a husband and wife.
This should better reflect the realities of farm management practices, especially related to the role of women.
The agricultural holder concept is often difficult to apply because of a gender bias in the reporting of data; in WCA 2010, countries are strongly urged to address this issue in the design of questionnaires, development of field procedures, training of field staff, and management of the data collection operation
Data on the economic activity of each household member can be used to study the division of labour within households and the responsibilities of women for work on and off the holding.
Data such as the employment characteristics of women, and the time worked during a twelve-month reference period in her main job, on the holding, and in all other jobs, can be of particular interest.
The problems in collecting accurate employment-related data, especially for women in rural areas, have been acknowledged in WCA 2010, and improved guidelines for the collection of these data have been provided
Based on experiences gained regarding gender statistics in the 2000 round of agricultural censuses, a concept of sub-holding is introduced in WCA 2010 for the first time
It enables the specific crop and livestock activities undertaken under the operational/management responsibility of women to be analysed.
For example, if women tend to be responsible for managing livestock, the census would provide information on the number of women performing this role, their demographic characteristics, main occupation, the time they spend in work on and off the holding, and the type of livestock they manage.
The division of managerial responsibility in the household can also be studied - for example, how many sub-holders there are and who are they - and the role of women in decision-making can be assessed
Handout 4: Box 1 &2

9. Gender mainstreaming
Is an organizational strategy
It bring a gender perspective to all aspects of an institution’s policy, programme and project processes

10. 1. Sensitizing NSS and Users (Workshops Gender Concept)
2. Engendering/ review methods and tools
3. Training by sector/survey
NSO Surveys/Censuses
Line ministries
4. Data collection activities
5. Database- Engendered
6. Outputs
7. Inputs
Technical materials
Special
Pub. Inequality
Presentations
National, International instruments and researchers (Reports)

11. Gender Mainstreaming in Census
To produce a final output for policy making and programme planning
To reflect on women and men’s concerns and issues at all levels, in different sectors
To underline the status of their vulnerability.
The essence of gender mainstreaming of the agriculture census is to produce a final output for policy making and programme planning reflecting women and men’s concerns and issues at all levels, in different sectors and the status of their vulnerability.
Mainstreaming in :
content
operation

12. Gender Census Content
Identify national gender issues and ensure that data addressing these issues are collected and made available
Formulated concepts and definitions that would adequately reflect the diversity of women and men and capture all aspects of their lives in data collection
Develop data collection methods that take into account stereotypes and social and cultural factors that might produce gender biases
Analyze and present with sex as a primary and overall classification
Enhance census content by carrying out large-scale sample surveys to investigate specific gender issues in depth within census operation
Publish gender sensitive reports
Gender Census Content
National specificity of gender issues need to be flagged out and related indicators for measuring social phenomena and gender disparity need to be developed. There is, therefore, a need to identify gender related data gaps in order to include them in the next census round
Countries need to formulate concepts and definitions that would adequately reflect the diversity of women and men and capture all aspects of their lives in data collection. One example is the definition of the head of household and method of capturing it adequately without gender bias. Moreover there is also a need to improve the definitions and concepts of “work” and “extended economic activity”, “non-economic” and “economic” activity. These concepts need to be made consistent with labour force surveys and the national accounting system. This is necessary to avoid underestimating the output of women and children economic activity.
There is a need to develop data collection methods that take into account stereotypes and social and cultural factors that might produce gender biases.
Analyze and present with sex as a primary and overall classification
Enhance census content by carrying out large-scale sample surveys to investigate specific gender issues in depth within census operation
Publish gender sensitive reports

13. Gender Census Operations
Thorough review and a systematic engendering of each specific data collection instrument is required in its 3 phases:
pre-enumeration phase: gender-specific questions, modification & standardization of concepts/definitions, standard classifications, and training enumerators
enumeration operation: gender sensitization of respondents, publicity campaigns, supervision of enumerators to ensure a gender-sensitive enumeration process.
post-enumeration phase: developing special tabulation & publications
Gender Mainstreaming in Censuses OPERATIONS
The essence of gender sensitization of the agriculture census is to produce a final output for policy making and programme planning reflecting women and men’s concerns and issues at all levels, in different sectors and the status of their vulnerability.
The area of “gendered statistics” moves the concept of gender statistics from the limited sex disaggregation of data into the mainstream of national statistical system as a whole. However, the data collection framework and instruments themselves are gender biased. It requires a thorough review and a systematic engendering of each specific data collection instrument.
Gender sensitization of Agriculture Censuses require a number of activities. These activities could be carried out in the three phases of the census operation.
The first phase is the pre-enumeration phase may involve inclusion of a number of gender-specific questions in the census schedules, modification and standardization of concepts and definitions for technical terms, preparation of standard classification of occupation and industry, and training enumerators to be gender sensitive.
The second phase is the enumeration operation: gender sensitization of respondents, publicity campaigns, supervision of enumerators to ensure a gender-sensitive enumeration process.
The third phase is the post-enumeration phase: developing special tabulation & publications

14. The Pre-Enumeration Phase
Establish gender cells/units at NSO to sensitize the census functionaries and handling of gender issues
Gender orientation workshops for senior management of the NSO to provide exposure to gender concepts, insights into gender concerns
Develop a media/publicity materials portraying gender concepts and explaining gender terminologies and TV/radio campaigns
Establish gender-oriented technical committees or expert groups to deal specifically with gender concerns at the various stages of the census
Workshop on mainstreaming gender in census to develop consensus on integration of gender concerns in the census
Training of census personnel; enumerators and supervisors to strengthen the gender perspective

15. The Enumeration Phase
Mobilization/recruitment of female field personnel
Conduct publicity campaign (TV, radio, ,,,) and materials (posters, flyers,…) portraying gender concepts and terminologies throughout the period to sensitize respondents
New gender specific approaches : application of national or international standard classification to provide detailed breakdown

16. The Post Enumeration Phase
Produce gender concerns in general census tabulation disaggregated by sex
Produce separate gender specific census outputs addressing typical gender issues from census results
Training users and media personal on census results and how to interpret data

17. Sex – disaggregated data
A Gender analysis lens
Sex – disaggregated data
Analysis of roles and behavior
Gender Analysis

18. Sex – disaggregated data
Make the case…..
Women
Men
10%
20%
30%
40%
Why this discrepancy?
sex-disaggregated statistics, gives the straightforward numbers of males and females in a given population,
they can indicate the need for a policy intervention, but not what that intervention should be
gender indicators, provide factual information about the status of women, for example a change in their status over time.
They are not disaggregated by sex. For example, “73% of married women report experiencing domestic violence at least once in their lives”.
Gender-sensitive indicators “provide direct evidence of the status of women, relative to some agreed normative standard or explicit reference group”. For example, “a gender statistic could be “60% of women in country X are literate, as opposed to 30% five years ago”. A gender-sensitive indicator could be “60% of women in country X are literate, as compared to 82% of men, and compared to 30% and 52% respectively five years ago”. The norm of reference in this example is men in the same country, but in other cases might be other groups of women, such as women of another country, or in different age-groups over a period of time; measuring progress/regress in comparison to another sub-population.

19. 65% Roles and behaviors 35% relationships Institution rules
Institutions, rules and behavior: Examine social groups’ characteristics, intragroup
and inter-group relationships, and the relationships of those groups with public and private (e.g. market) institutions (including the norms, values and behavior that have been institutionalized through those relationships).
Such an analysis should provide a detailed assessment of the factors likely to have an effect , the informal rules and behaviors
Possible institutional constraints and barriers, as well as methods to overcome them, should be described.
Gender sensitive indicators enable us to track changes over time by gender, either by disaggregating general indicators by gender or by designing indicators specifically to provide information on gender-related changes (e.g. number of reported cases of sexual abuse).
Gender indicators assume that gender roles exist and enable measurement of changes in the status and roles of men and women over time. By using gender indicators, development workers can monitor and evaluate the impact projects and programs have on gender roles, gender relations and gender discrimination.
Institution rules
characteristics

20. Selection of Indicators
Policy-relevant
User-friendly
Measurable
Cost-effective
Sensitive
Reliable
Valid
Specific
Indicators should be
policy-relevant,
user-friendly,
measurable
cost-effective,
Sensitive
Reliable
Valid
specific
specific: measure only the phenomenon for which it has been selected;
valid: in that they capture the reality to be measured
reliable: accurate and consistent;
sensitive: capable to measure changes;
user-friendly: comprehensive, timely and few in number;
cost-effective: be worth the time and money it costs to implement them
UN Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) criteria for evaluating the indicators

21. Policy Areas
1. Agricultural population and households 2. Access to productive resources 3. Production and productivity, 4. Destination of agricultural produce 5. Labour and time-use 6. Income and expenditures, 7. Membership of agricultural organizations 8. Food security
In order to undertake a proper gender analysis for agricultural and rural development policy-making, the production of sex-disaggregated data is essential under the following 8 data categories

22. Basic Questions Who does what? [Role of women/ division of labour]
Who owns what? [Ownership of agricultural land?]
Who has access to/controls what? [Use of farm machinery and equipment, use of fertilizers, use of pesticides]
Who knows what? [knowledge]
Who benefits? [who gets the returns and use them]
Who should be included in development programmes? [decision making in communities, environment]
EXC 2

23. Framework Agricultural/ rural population and households:
Percentage of rural population by sex
Percentage of agricultural population by sex
Percentage of holders by sex
Percentage of households by sex of household head by rural/ urban
Mode age group by sex of the holder
Assessing the roles and contributions of women to the agricultural sector
Land access and ownership:
Average land size by the sex of the holder
Percentage of parcels by land of tenure and sex of the holder
Share of agricultural holdings that are female headed
Difference in median age of male and female heads in holdings
Who owns what?
(Ownership of agricultural land)
Access to agricultural labour:
Average number of household members of working age working in farm-related work on the holding by sex of members and sex of the holder
Percentage of holdings with hired labour by sex of holder and sex of hired labour
Who does what?
Who has access to/controls what?
These proposed core indicators are useful for gaining information about the role of women in agriculture, gender-based land tenure issues and resource access/control.
The indicators are policy-relevant, user-friendly, measurable and cost-effective
owever, not all are highly specific, nor can their validity and reliability be fully tested. Consequently, they may serve for pointing to some of the possible gender issues in agriculture, yet may not be sufficient to be a base for a comparative gender analysis (capturing multi-dimensional phenomena

24. Access to credit:
Percentage of holdings receiving credit for agricultural purposes by sex of the holder
Who benefits?
Access to agricultural extension:
Percentage of holders receiving agricultural extension services by sex of the holder
Access to agricultural inputs:
Percentage of holdings using fertilizer by sex of the holder
Percentage of holdings using pesticides by sex of the holder
Percentage of holdings using machineries
Ratio of male and female headed holding that use farm equipment
Ratio of male and female-headed holdings that use fertilizer
Ratio of male and female-headed holdings that use pesticide
Who use what ? has access to?
(Use of farm machinery and equipment Use of fertilizer
Use of pesticides)

25. Access to water:
Percentage of holdings with any form of irrigation in the holding by sex of the holder
Percentage of the households without water on premises by sex of main responsible for collecting drinking water by rural/ urban
Crop production:
Top three crops grown by agricultural holdings by sex of the holder ( and % or no. of holdings growing the crop)
Livestock:
Top three livestock by agricultural holdings by sex of the holder ( and % or no. of holdings growing the crop)
Aquaculture:
Percentage of holdings that have aquaculture on the holding by sex of the holder
Marketing of farm products:
Percentage of holdings involved in marketing/selling activities related to the agriculture holding

26. Employment
Share of employed population in the agricultural sector by sex
Share of employed population in the non-agricultural sector by sex
Percentage of economically active population in the non-agricultural sector by sex
Percentage of economically active population in agriculture by sex
Difference in average or median age of males and females economically active in agriculture
Who does what?
(Role of women and men)
Decision making:
Percentage of members of agrarian decision making ( Parliament/ Technical Committee) by sex of the member
Who should be included in development program
Education:
Percentage of the net secondary school attendance
Who benefits?
Migration:
Percentage of households in rural areas with former members migrated by sex of the migrant within the country and outside the country
Nutrition:
Percentage of women/men with iron-deficiency anemia by rural/urban
Percentage of underweight children under five years of age by sex of the child and sex of the household head (in rural areas)

27. Thank you