1. All you need to know – in the available time!
FPLC
All you need to know – in the available time!

2. FPLC
Fast Performance Liquid Chromatography- Liquid chromatography is a term which refers to all chromatographic methods in which the mobile phase is liquid.
The stationary phase may be a liquid or a solid, in the form of a matrix
A type of liquid chromatography where the solvent velocity is controlled by pumps. The pumps control the constant flow rate of the solvents

3. FPLC
The solvents are accessed through tubing from an outside reservoir.
The flow rate of the solvent is set through computer input and controlled by pumps.
There are various columns used in liquid chromatography depending on the type of separation preferred. Each column contains a small diameter packing material. The column is a large (mm id) tube containing small (u) particles (gel beads) known as stationary phase.

4. FPLC
The chromatographic bed is composed by the gel beads alone when they are inside the column.
The sample is introduced into the injector and then carried into the column by the flowing solvent.
Once in the column, the sample mixture separates as a result of different components adhering to or diffusing into the gel.

5. FPLC
As the solvents is forced into the chromatographic bed by the flow rate, the sample separates into various zones of sample components. These zones are referred to as bands.
Biomolecules have various characteristics such as molecular weight, electric charge, and hydrophobicity.
As so, purification of the object is usually achieved by using a combination of chromatographic methods

6. So, what can you do with a FPLC?

7. Answer- everything!!!!!!!
Only difference with FPLC and HPLC is pressure
HPLC allows for smaller column matrix due to the increased pressure.
Remember the The Van Deemter Equation?
Allows solute to equilibrate between mobile and stationary phase faster
HPLC is a better choice for analytical analysis.

8. Applications Ion Exchange chromatography Hydroxyapatite chromatography
Separates compounds based on their net charges. Negatively or positively charged functional groups are covalently bound to a solid support, yielding either a cation or anion exchanger, respectively.
Hydroxyapatite chromatography
(Ca5(PO4)3(OH)2 is a form of calcium phosphate that can be used for the separation and purification of proteins, enzymes, nucleic acids, viruses, and other macromolecules.

9. Applications Affinity chromatography
A ligand is covalently bound to a solid support that is packed into a chromatography column.
A mixture of components is then applied to the column. The unbound contaminants, which have no affinity for the ligand, are washed through the column, leaving the desired component (protein, peptide, DNA fragment, etc.) bound to the support.
Elution is accomplished by changing the pH and/or salt concentration, or by applying organic solvents or a molecule that competes for the bound ligand.

10. Applications Reverse-Flow Chromatography for Affinity Purifications
Especially useful when purifying antibodies using Protein A or other affinity columns.
The protein is bound at the top of the column and nonbinding material is washed out.
Flow to the column is then reversed and the bound proteins elute from the top of the column in very concentrated form, which helps prevent denaturation.

11. Applications Size exclusion chromatography (SEC)
Also known as gel filtration chromatography
The gel medium consists of spherical beads containing pores of a specific size distribution. Separation occurs when molecules of different sizes are either included or excluded from the pores within the gel support.
Small molecules diffuse into the gel pores and their flow through the column is retarded, while large molecules do not enter the pores and are rapidly eluted in the column's void volume.

12. Applications Size exclusion chromatography (SEC)
Consequently, molecules separate based on their size as they pass through the column and are eluted in order of decreasing molecular weight.
Common applications include fractionation and molecular weight determination of proteins, nucleic acid separation, plasmid purification, and polysaccharide fractionation.

13. Applications Size exclusion chromatography (SEC)
Resolution depends on particle size, pore size, flow rate, column length and diameter, and sample volume.
Generally, the highest resolution is obtained with low flow rates (2–10 cm/hr), long, narrow columns, small-particle-size gels, small sample volumes (1–5% of the total bed volume), and a sample viscosity that is the same as the eluent.

14. Applications Hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC)
Separates molecules based on their hydrophobicity.
Sample molecules containing hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions are applied to an HIC column in a high-salt buffer.
The salt in the buffer reduces the solvation of sample solutes. As solvation decreases, hydrophobic regions that become exposed are adsorbed by the medium.
The more hydrophobic the molecule, the less salt needed to promote binding.
Usually a decreasing salt gradient is used to elute samples from the column in order of increasing hydrophobicity.

15. Applications Immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography (IMAC)
Most widely used – nickel: also zinc and cobalt
Nickel binds molecules rich in electrons – such as histidine (from the His-tag fame!)
Consists of string of 6-10 histidine residues. Serve as a metal binding site
IMAC uses the affinity of histidine’s imidazole side chains for metal ions

16. Applications Immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography (IMAC)
The His-tag allows the protein to bind to the column beads
Note – proteins with a naturally high histidine residues will also bind
The elution buffer (containing imidazole) is then added to the column
Competes with nickel for bound ligands and collection in fractions

17. THIS IS WHAT YOU WILL BE DOING!!!!!!!!!!!
Applications
Immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography (IMAC)
THIS IS WHAT YOU WILL BE DOING!!!!!!!!!!!

18. Bio-Rad Biologic Duoflow system

19. Bio-Rad Biologic Duoflow system
1. UV Detector With Conductivity Monitor
2. SV5-4 select valve 4. AVR9-8 switching valves 7. F40 workstation
8. BioFrac fraction collector
9. AVR 7-3 sample inject valve

20. UV Detector With Conductivity Monitor
Standard 254 and 280 nm filters
Replaceable mercury lamp
214 nm expansion kit with zinc lamp
365, 405, 436, and 546 nm expansion filters for the mercury lamp
Analytical 5 mm flow all UV absorbance range from to 2.0 OD
Conductivity detection range from 1 to 500 mS/cm

21. Conductivity NaCl is an electrolyte
Becomes sodium ions (Na+) and chlorine ions (Cl-), each of which is a corpuscle that conducts electricity.
IONS – from the Greek word meaning wonderer
This means that the more Na+ and Cl- contained in water the more electricity is carried, and the higher the conductivity

22. Bio-Rad Biologic Duoflow system
1. UV Detector With Conductivity Monitor
2. SV5-4 select valve 4. AVR9-8 switching valves 7. F10 workstation
8. BioFrac fraction collector
9. AVR 7-3 sample inject valve

23. SV5-4 select valve
The SV5-4 valve is a low pressure, 5-port, 4-position valve used for automatic buffer selection and sample loading.
The SV5-4 valve may be used for:
Buffer and/or sample selection when placed before the Workstation pumps.
enables access to four separate solutions
Purging or rinsing all tubing lines for cleaning purposes

24. Bio-Rad Biologic Duoflow system
1. UV Detector With Conductivity Monitor
2. SV5-4 select valve 4. AVR9-8 switching valves 7. F10 workstation
8. BioFrac fraction collector
9. AVR 7-3 sample inject valve

25. F10 workstation The BioLogic DuoFlow workstation has a F10 pump,
Max flow rate of 10 ml/min
Pressure: 3,500 psi (233 bar, 23 MPa).

26. Bio-Rad Biologic Duoflow system
1. UV Detector With Conductivity Monitor
2. SV5-4 select valve 4. AVR9-8 switching valves 7. F10 workstation
8. BioFrac fraction collector
9. AVR 7-3 sample inject valve

27. AVR 7-3 sample inject valve
The Load position is for filling a loop with sample or for running buffer through a column
The Inject position is for injecting contents of the sample loop onto a column;
The Purge position is for priming the DuoFlow workstation gradient pump and purging lines to waste without removing the column from the system.
                            

28. The Mixer
The mixer ensures that the buffers used are in the correct proportion relative to each other during the course of the FPLC run
Comes into its own as the gradient increases!

29. Other interesting components not here at MSUM

30. Bio-Rad Biologic Duoflow system
1 QuadTec UV/Vis detector
Monitor off-peak wavelengths such as 245 nm (instead of 280 nm, where buffer components like Triton X-100 absorb strongly).
Can simultaneously monitor at 224 nm for greater protein sensitivity without background interference.

31. MAXIMIZER
5) The Maximizer enables buffer blending applications, doubles pump flow rates, and doubles valving capacity to 6 low pressure valves and 6 high pressure valves.
Proportioning valves on the Maximizer blend water, salt, and the conjugate acid and base of a buffer to obtain a solution with a user-defined pH and salt concentration.

32. MAXIMIZER
For example, after the user selects the desired pH for each separation, the software determines the required acid/base ratio and during the run compensates for changes in ionic strength and temperature.
This provides tremendous convenience by enabling multiple unattended runs, each at a different buffer pH and salt concentration.

33. What you need to do before you load your sample

34. Before you load your sample
Degassing:
One major problem with pressurizing chromatography systems using liquid solvents is that pressure reductions can cause dissolved gases to come out of solution.
The two locations where this occurs are:
the suction side of the pump (which is not self-priming, consequently a gas bubble can sit in the pump and flow is reduced ).
the column outlet (where the bubbles then pass through the detector causing spurious signals).

35. Before you load your sample
Degassing:
The problem is usually restricted to solvents that have relatively high gas solubilities - usually involving an aqueous component, especially if a gradient is involved where the water/organic solvent ratio is changing.
As water usually has a higher dissolved gas content, then a gradient programme may cause the gases to come out of solution as the mobile phase components mix.

36. Before you load your sample
Degassing:
There are two traditional strategies used to remove problem dissolved gases from chromatographic eluants. Often they are used in combination to lower the dissolved gases.
Subject the solvent to vacuum for 5-10 mins. to remove the gases.
Subject the solvent to ultrasonics for mins. to remove the gases.
Note that most aqueous-based solvents usually have to be degassed every 24 hours. Also remember that solubility of gases increases as temperature decreases, so ensure eluants are at instrument temperature prior to degassing.

37. Degassing
The Backpressure Regulator helps eliminate bubble information within the detector.
As a solution is pumped through a column, the column exerts a backpressure that serves to keep any air bubbles in solution.
Solution exiting the column returns to atmospheric pressure and air bubbles may form.

38. Degassing
As the bubbles pass through, or lodge in the detector flow cell they may cause artifacts on the baseline chromatogram that appear as spikes.
This “outgassing” may be minimized by thoroughly degassing buffers and by placing a backpressure regulator after the Conductivity monitor.
The backpressure from the regulator helps to keep the bubbles in solution

39. Degassing
The 40 psi backpressure regulator is used with flow rates below 10 ml/min.
Plumb the backpressure regulator following the direction of the arrow.
When using low pressure columns such as an Econo-Pac® cartridge, plumb the 40 psi backpressure regulator between the Workstation pump outlet and the mixer. This aids in seating the check valves, preventing permanent damage to the cartridge or column

40. Prime the FPLC pumps
In the manual mode, prime the FPLC pumps and wash the buffers through the hoses.
Do this in the PURGE mode for the injection solenoid

41. Prime the FPLC pumps
Be careful not to let the last person’s buffer contaminate yours. You will want to flush the sample loop to remove water or old samples.
Look at the routing displayed on the sticker on the solenoid and make sure you know what is going where.

42. What happens when you load your sample

43. AVR 7-3 sample inject valve
AVR7-3 in Load Position (Figure A)
The column may be equilibrated or eluted.
Sample is loaded into the loop. If the loop is overfilled, the sample runs to waste.
Never remove the syringe before the sample is injected onto the column

44. AVR 7-3 sample inject valve
AVR7-3 in Inject Position (Figure B)
The sample is injected onto the column

45. AVR 7-3 sample inject valve
AVR7-3 in Purge Position (Figure C)
Flow from the gradient pump goes directly to waste, bypassing the column.

46. Basic AVR7-3 Sample Injection Valve Operation using Load, Inject, and Purge Positions
Load position is for filling a loop with sample or for running buffer through a column.
Inject position is for injecting contents of the sample loop onto a column.
Purge position is for priming the Duo-Flow workstation gradient pump and purging lines to waste without removing the column from the system.

47. Look at all the bloody tubing!!!!!

48. The bloody machine looks like a Borg!
Yes, The FPLC
does look like a
Borg!!!!
However, do not panic!
Remember to look over
All of the instructions, follow the lines and you will see how it all works!

49. Computer control

50. Computer control
Flow Rate: The flow rate for washing and eluting can be around 1.0 – 2.0 ml/min. Experiment with elution flow rates. Equilibration with the equilibration buffer can be performed at the same flow rate
Fractions: Typically, I will collect ml fractions for a 1 ml column and a ml fractions for a 2-5 ml column. Collect when you want, the whole thing or just specific fractions.

51. Computer control
SV5-4: Low pressure solenoid valve –used for preparative buffer selection.
The buffer name will appear in the protocol screen’s “isocratic flow”, “linear flow”, or “change value” dialog box
SVT3-2: Low pressure solenoid valve – used as fraction collection diverter
1 –Waste
2 –Collect
AVR7-3: High pressure valve – used to inject sample
L –load
I – inject
P - purge

52. Making your method Pick your available devices: Fraction collector
Injection valve
Buffer blender for gradient
Detector
Ensure that valves and ports match up!

53. Making your Protocol You have to make your protocol up by adding steps
1 turn lamp on
Isocratic flow to prime the column
Zero baseline
Injection
Which loop or direct inject?
What gradient?
Buffer %s?
Fraction collector!!!!!!

54. Type of injection
Static Loop: Standard fixed volume loop for sample loading. Used with the AVR7-3 valve.
Sample can be loaded with a syringe through port 2,
Use Fill Before Inject and Rinse After Inject to select loop fill volume and flow rate.
Refer to Chapter 8 for discussion of how to select volume fill and rinse.

55. Type of injection
Dynamic Loop: Uses Bio-Rad’s DynaLoop or other sliding-piston sample loop. Both partial loop and full loop injections can be programmed.
The dynamic loop can be filled manually through Inject valve port 2.
Use Fill Before Inject to select loop fill volume and flow rate. The Rinse function is not available.
See Chapter 8 for DynaLoop loading

56. Type of injection
Direct Inject: Allows direct injection of sample through either the Workstation pump or auxiliary load pump.
Pre-pump valves (such as the SVT3-2, SV5-4, or AVR9-8) automate direct injection.
Refer to Chapter 8 for discussion of a direct inject applications.

57. Have fun collecting your Data!