1. Putting people and risk in the same picture via hazard ensemble diagrams Tim Lutz Dept. of Geology & Astronomy West Chester University West Chester, PA tlutz@wcupa.edu

2. GSA’s position statement on Natural Hazards (2008): “Geoscientists have a professional responsibility to inform the public about natural hazards and the need to build an increasingly natural hazard-resilient society, thereby enabling more responsible actions and decisions.” National Research Council’s report on flood risk reduction (2000): “Identifying sound, credible, and effective risk reduction priorities and solutions depends greatly on a well-informed public. The public should be knowledgeable about risk issues and should be given opportunities to express opinions and become involved in risk assessment and risk management activities.”

3. Tarbuck & Lutgens, 2011

4. National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) Flood Insurance Rate Map (FIRM)

5. Mean = median = mode = 100 years Default concept: Probability decreases symmetrically around the mean

6. Mean = 100 years Median = 69 years Mode = 0 years Recurrence interval distribution predicted for independent random events (exponential distribution) Standard deviation = Mean (e.g., 100 years ± 100 years)

7. Series 1 Series 2 Series 3 Series 4 Series 5 Five series of random events; average recurrence = 100 years

8. Series 1 Series 2 Series 3 Series 4 Series 5 Five series of random events; average recurrence = 100 years

9. Example: USGS 05331000 Mississippi River @ St Paul, MN (114 years of record) Twin Cities 7 Metro map.png by Davumaya (2008), provided by Wikimedia

12. The inverse of a magnitude-exceedance probability model can be used to simulate annual peak flows

15. An ensemble is a set of simulations which together define the distribution of most probable outcomes conditional on exposure.

16. Unwarranted pessimism Unwarranted optimism Weighing of risks

18. Top of right bank levee in S. St. Paul (29 ft) Flood walls deployed at St. Paul airport (17 ft) Flood stage (14 ft)

19. Annual peak flow history  Magnitude-frequency model Magnitude-frequency model  Flow ensemble

20. Flow ensemble + Rating model = Stage ensemble

21. Generalization History of hazard  Magnitude-frequency model  Ensemble diagrams Straightforward extensions Seismic hazard  Gutenberg-Richter model  Ensemble diagrams Volcanic hazard  VEI 1 -based m-f model  Ensemble diagrams Nuclear hazards  INES 2 -based m-f model  Ensemble diagrams 1 VEI = Volcano Explosivity Index 2 INES = International Nuclear & Radiological Event Scale

22. For more information about hazard ensemble diagrams, check out Lutz, 2011, JGE v. 59, pp. 5-12; and email me (tlutz@wcupa.edu) for an Excel file that can generate ensembles from annual peak flow data.