1. KEY KNOWLEDGEKEY SKILLS  Long term (chronic) training adaptations occurring at the cardiovascular, respiratory and muscular systems.  Describe how long term training changes to the cardiovascular, respiratory and muscular systems contribute to physical improvements. © Cengage Learning Australia 2011

3. Chronic adaptations = long term physiological changes in response to increased demands placed on the body through training © Cengage Learning Australia 2011

4. Aerobic training vs. cardiovascular adaptations Heart  ventricle size  stroke volume (SV)  cardiac output (Q)  rest & sub-max heart rates  steady state heart rate  recovery heart rates Blood vessels  capillary density to heart muscle  blood flow (20%) away from organs to working muscles  capillary density at muscles, mainly S/twitch Blood  blood volume  plasma levels  red blood cell (RBC) count  haemoglobin  myoglobin  blood pressure (rest and sub-max) © Cengage Learning Australia 2011

5.  blood volume  plasma levels  red blood cell (RBC) count  haemoglobin  myoglobin  blood pressure (rest & sub-max ). Blood Blood lactate concentration decreases with aerobic training and clearance rates increase – additionally the LIP (lactate inflection point) increases. © Cengage Learning Australia 2011

6.  lung/vital capacity  aerobic capacity  tidal volume  alveolar – capillary surface area  pulmonary diffusion  ventilation (max intensity)  oxygen cost to ventilatory muscles (intercostals & diaphragm)  ventilatory efficiency  ventilation (rest & sub-max) Aerobic training vs. respiratory adaptations © Cengage Learning Australia 2011

7. ↑ oxidative enzymes ↑ myoglobin content ↑ mitochondria size, number & surface area ↑ capillary density ↑ arteriovenous oxygen difference ↑ triglyceride stores ↑ oxidation of fats ↑ muscle glycogen stores & oxidation of glycogen. Aerobic training vs. muscular adaptations Aerobic training will bring about most specific and significant adaptations to slow-twitch fibres. © Cengage Learning Australia 2011

8. Anaerobic training vs. muscular adaptations Anaerobic training will result in insignificant changes to the cardiovascular and respiratory systems but major long term changes to fast-twitch fibres. © Cengage Learning Australia 2011

9. Anaerobic training vs. muscular adaptations Increased fast twitch fibre size (hypertrophy) will lead to: increased size and number of myofibrils increased contractile proteins increased size and strength of connective tissue (tendons and ligaments). © Cengage Learning Australia 2011