1. The Virgin of the Andes Archangels
Arth 224: Colonial to Contemporary Latin American Art
Dr. Mey-Yen Moriuchi
Spring 2015

2. The Virgin of the Andes: Inka Queen and Christian Goddess
The Coya (or Queen) was the woman most venerated among the Indians. She was a goddess, the descendant of the Moon and she was the queen, the wife/sister of the Inka king.
Her attributes included weaving implements, feathers, birds, flowers, tipi pins,and other ornaments.
Textual Source: Carol Damian, “The Virgin of the Andes: Inka Queen and Christian Goddess” in Woman and Art in Early Modern Latin America, edited by Kelly K. McIntyre and Richard E. Phillips (Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2007)
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Unknown (Peruvian), Coya Mamahuaco, Historia General del Peru,

3. Unknown (Peruvian), Portrait of a Coya or Ñusta, c. 1730-50.
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Unknown (Peruvian), Portrait of a Coya or Ñusta, c

4. Unknown (Peruvian), Portrait of a Coya or Ñusta, 18th c.
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Unknown (Peruvian), Portrait of a Coya or Ñusta, 18th c.

5. When the Spaniards conquered the Inka Empire, the reverence to the Inka Coya would persist in Christian images of the Virgin Mary, the Catholic Queen.
People have revered the Virgin Mary for centuries but in Cuzco, Peru she is portrayed as a distinctive image that fuses Christian and Andean concepts.
Artists of Cuzco created a school of painting, known as the Cuzco School, where they portrayed her in multiple ways.

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Unknown (Peruvian, Cuzco). Virgin of the Mary of the Rosary of Guapulo, c

7. By incorporating the imagery and symbolism associated with Andean female deities and other royal personalities, the colonial image of the Virgin Mary assumed new significance as an Andean, rather than a purely European/Western deity.
Her Christian-Spanish iconography coexisted with its counterpart inspired by deities such as the Earth Mother, called Pachamama, and the Goddess of the Moon, Quilla. She was also a Queen to the native peoples- an Inka Coya.

8. Unknown (Bolivian), The Virgin of the Mountain (Pachamama), 18th c.
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Unknown (Bolivian), The Virgin of the Mountain (Pachamama), 18th c.

9. Unknown (Bolivia) Virgin Mary of the Cerro Rico of Potosi, 18th century, o/c. Casa Nacional de Moneda, Potosi.
Unknown (Bolivia) Virgin Mary of the Cerro Rico of Potosi, 18th century, o/c. Casa Nacional de Moneda, Potosi.

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Luis Niño, Virgin of the Rosary with Saints Dominic and Francis of Assisi, c

12. Luis Niño, Our Lady of the Victory of Málaga, c. 1735, o/c

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Unknown (Cuzco School), Painting of a Statue of the Virgin of Candlemas, mid 18th c.

16. Unknown (Peruvian), Virgin of Cocharcas, 18th c..
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Unknown (Peruvian), Virgin of Cocharcas,
18th c..

17. Unknown, Virgin of Belem, first half 18th c.
Source: Data From: University of California, San Diego
Unknown, Virgin of Belem, first half 18th c.

18. Unknown (Cuzco School), Virgin as a Young Girl Spinning, 18th c.
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Unknown (Cuzco School), Virgin as a Young Girl Spinning, 18th c.

19. Unknown (Peruvian, Cuzco School), Saint Rose of Lima, 18th c.
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Unknown (Peruvian, Cuzco School), Saint Rose of Lima, 18th c.

20. Archangels
Textual source: Eleanor Goodman, “Portraits of Empire: Notes on Angels and Archangels in the Spanish World” in Art in Spain and the Hispanic World: Essays in Honor of Jonathan Brown, edited by Sarah Schroth

21. A unique genre of paintings of extraordinary archangels holding guns – harquebusiers or ángeles arcabuceros- developed in the New World (predominantly Andean region)
The representations of archangels were important demonstrations of the power and control of the Spanish Habsburg empire over Spanish America
Unknown (Peruvian, Cuzco School), Archangel Raphael, 18th c.

22. Unknown (Peruvian, Cuzco School), Archangel Raphael, 18th c.
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Unknown (Peruvian, Cuzco School), Archangel Raphael, 18th c.

23. Master of Calamarca (Bolivianl), The Angel Barachiel, 18th c.
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Master of Calamarca (Bolivianl), The Angel Barachiel, 18th c.

24. Veneration of the seven archangels originated in the 15th century.
They include Michael, Gabriel, Raphael, Uriel, Sealchiel, Jehudiel, and Barachiel
Only Michael, Gabriel, and Raphael appeared in the Bible. The other 4 had appeared miraculously to a Portuguese nobleman.
The Seven angelic princes were described in a 1516 book by a Sicilian priest and eventually adopted into visual form through a series of paintings. They became particularly popular in the Viceroyalty of Peru.
The viceregal angels appeared to be crusaders for and defenders of the Habsburg faith and governance.

25. Unknown (Peruvian, Cuzco School), Archangel Michael, 18th c.
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Unknown (Peruvian, Cuzco School), Archangel Michael, 18th c.

26. Unknown (Peruvian, Cuzco School), Archangel Raphael, c. 1720.
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Unknown (Peruvian, Cuzco School), Archangel Raphael, c

27. The archangels are often dressed in the aristocratic manner of the Spanish viceroys
The archangels are portraits symbolic of both the Church and the Habsburg state

28. José Joaquín Bermejo
Don José Antonio Manso de Velasco
Count of Superunda, Viceroy of Peru c

29. Viceroy José Solís Folch de Cardona
Joaquín Gutiérrez
Viceroy José Solís Folch de Cardona
After 1770, Colombian
Museo de Arte Colonial, Bogotá
Joaquín Gutiérrez
Viceroy José Solís Folch de Cardona
After 1770, Colombian

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Unknown (Peruvian, Cuzco School), Archangel with Harquebus, early 18th c.

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Unknown (Peruvian, Cuzco School), Archangel Barachiel with Harquebus, 18th c.

33. Joseph

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35. Rights: Please note that if this image is under copyright, you may need to contact one or more copyright owners for any use that is not permitted under the ARTstor Terms and Conditions of Use or not otherwise permitted by law. While ARTstor tries to update contact information, it cannot guarantee that such information is always accurate. Determining whether those permissions are necessary, and obtaining such permissions, is your sole responsibility.

36. Rights: Please note that if this image is under copyright, you may need to contact one or more copyright owners for any use that is not permitted under the ARTstor Terms and Conditions of Use or not otherwise permitted by law. While ARTstor tries to update contact information, it cannot guarantee that such information is always accurate. Determining whether those permissions are necessary, and obtaining such permissions, is your sole responsibility.

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38. VirginAndes

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40. Source: Data from: University of California, San Diego

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Unknown (Peruvian Cuzco School), The Virgin of the Mountain (Pachamama), c