1. TRADEMARKS PROF. JANICKE FALL 2014

2. 2014IP Survey -- Trademarks2 TO BE A “MARK”: WORDS OR SYMBOL HAS TO SERVE AS A BRAND MEANING: IT HAS TO DISTINGUISH ONE’S GOODS OR SERVICES FROM THOSE OF OTHERS

3. 2014IP Survey -- Trademarks3 TO BE A “MARK”: HAS TO BE USED PHYSICALLY: – ON THE GOODS, or –ON GOODS’ CONTAINERS, or –ON POINT-OF-SALE DISPLAYS OF GOODS, or –IF THESE METHODS ARE IMPRACTICAL, ON INVOICES OR SHIPPING DOCUMENTS, or –IN CATALOGS OR WEBSITES ADVERTISING THE GOODS

4. OWNERSHIP OF SUCH A MARK REQUIRES USE IN COMMERCE THINKING OF THE MARK WILL NOT SUFFICE –NO USE = NO OWNERSHIP 2014IP Survey -- Trademarks4

5. 2014IP Survey -- Trademarks5 FOR A SERVICE MARK, THE USE CAN BE: –ON SIGNS, –ADS, OR –PAPERS CONNECTED TO THE SERVICE

6. 2014IP Survey -- Trademarks6 TO OWN A “MARK”: THE MARKED GOODS OR SERVICES HAVE TO PASS IN COMMERCE LOCAL, FOR STATE RIGHTS INTERSTATE OR FOREIGN, FOR FEDERAL RIGHTS

7. FEDERAL USE IN COMMERCE: –CAN BE ACTUAL –CAN BE BONA FIDE INTENDED (WITH TIME LIMITS) 2014IP Survey -- Trademarks7

8. 2014IP Survey -- Trademarks8 PROTECTION RIGHTS BEGIN UPON FIRST USE [ACTUAL OR CONSTRUCTIVE BY FILING] REGISTRATION IS NOT NECESSARY CAN SUE FOR INFRINGEMENT OF AN UNREGISTERED MARK –DONE UNDER UNFAIR COMPETITION PROVISION OF THE TRADEMARK ACT

9. CASE BLUE BELL v. FARAH 2014IP Survey -- Trademarks9

10. WHAT IS INFRINGEMENT? USE, IN COMMERCE, OF A MARK IN SUCH MANNER, CONSIDERING THE GOODS OR SERVICES INVOLVED, AS TO CREATE A LIKELIHOOD OF CONFUSION AMONG PURCHASERS 2014IP Survey -- Trademarks10

11. 2014IP Survey -- Trademarks11 CONFUSION LIKELIHOOD AS TO SOURCE AS TO SPONSORSHIP AS TO AFFILIATION AS TO APPROVAL

12. 2014IP Survey -- Trademarks12 CONFUSION LIKELIHOOD SUBSTANTIAL NUMBER OF PERSONS PROBLEM OF LANGUAGE TRANSLATION –DEPENDS HOW MANY SPEAK IT IN U.S.

13. 2014IP Survey -- Trademarks13 STRONG-WEAK MARKS FOR JUDGING LIKELIHOOD OF CONFUSION #1 -- COINED (MEANINGLESS WORDS) -- e.g., KODAK: STRONGEST OF ALL –ENTITLED TO THE WIDEST SCOPE OF PROTECTION –MODAK, DODAK, KODAR, FOR FILM WILL BE HELD INFRINGING

14. #2 -- ARBITRARY – e.g. APPLE, SUN, SHELL: –ALSO VERY STRONG FOR COMMUNICATION DEVICES AND COMPUTERS (APPLE), OR FOR OIL PRODUCTS (SUN, SHELL) –NOTE: SUN ALSO ARBITRARY FOR SOFTWARE (SUN MICROSYSTEMS) 2014IP Survey -- Trademarks14

15. 2014IP Survey -- Trademarks15 #3 -- SUGGESTIVE (e.g. MILKY WAY; COPPERTONE) – OK, BUT WEAKER –“CREAMY WAY,” “BRONZETONE” MIGHT BE HELD NONINFRINGING #4 -- DESCRIPTIVE (e.g. TASTEE BREAD, SUPERIOR WATERBEDS), and SURNAMES (WATERMAN FOR PENS, FORD FOR CARS) –ARE NOT PROTECTED RIGHT AWAY –ARE PROTECTED WHEN THEY HAVE ACQUIRED DISTINCTIVENESS

16. 2014IP Survey -- Trademarks16 NOTE: “DESCRIPTIVE” INCLUDES GEOG. DESCRIPTIVE (e.g. SOUTHWEST FOR AIRLINE SERVICES; HOUSTON CHRONICLE FOR NEWSPAPERS) –WERE NOT PROTECTED (OWNED) AT FIRST

17. #5 -- GENERIC NAME OF ARTICLE (e.g. ASPIRIN) –CANNOT SERVE AS A MARK –CANNOT ACQUIRE DISTINCTIVENESS – IT’S PART OF THE LANGUAGE 2014IP Survey -- Trademarks17

18. INFRINGEMENT: LIKELIHOOD OF CONFUSION CASES –XTREME [PART 1] –STREETWISE –QUILL 2014IP Survey -- Trademarks18

19. 2014IP Survey -- Trademarks19 BENEFITS OF REGISTRATION WHILE NOT NEEDED FOR OWNING EXCLUSIVE RIGHT TO USE A MARK, OR FOR SUING INFRINGERS, THERE ARE MANY BENEFITS TO A FEDERAL REGISTRATION: –BY FILING AN APPLICATION, CAN RESERVE A MARK BASED ON INTENDED USE –IF REGISTERED, EXCLUSIVE RIGHT TO USE THE MARK IS PRESUMED –“INCONTESTABLE” AFTER 5 YEARS

20. 2014IP Survey -- Trademarks20 (MORE BENEFITS OF FED. REGISTRATION) –IN ADDITION TO OWNERSHIP, VALIDITY OF THE MARK IS PRESUMED e.g., NOT CONFUSINGLY SIMILAR TO MARK OF AN EARLIER USER –U.S. CUSTOMS SERVICE WILL ASSIST AGAINST INFRINGING IMPORTATIONS

21. 2014IP Survey -- Trademarks21 “RESERVING” A MARK CAN NOW FILE APPL. TO REGISTER BASED ON INTENT TO USE PROVIDES CONSTRUCTIVE USE AS OF FILING DATE MUST ACTUALLY USE IN COMMERCE PRIOR TO REGISTRATION

22. TIME LIMITS FOR INTENT-TO-USE APPLICATIONS APPLICATION IS EXAMINED IN THE USUAL WAY IF O.K., A NOTICE OF ALLOWANCE OF REGISTRATION WILL BE SENT APPLICANT MUST ACTUALLY USE, AND FILE AFFIDAVIT OF USE, WITHIN 6 MONTHS OF THE NOTICE –CAN BE EXTENDED BY PETITION, UP TO 24 MONTHS 2014IP Survey -- Trademarks22

23. INTENT-TO-USE IF THE FAVORED PROCEDURE FOR CLIENTS TODAY –GIVES A CLUE ABOUT REGISTRABILITY, PRIOR TO SPENDING MONEY ADVERTISING THE BRAND –GIVES A CHANCE FOR CHANGE-OF- MIND, WITHOUT SERIOUS EXPENDITURE [TM APPL. FILING FEE: $325 ONLINE; $375 IN PAPER] 2014IP Survey -- Trademarks23

24. 2014IP Survey -- Trademarks24 MARKS THAT ARE EASY TO PROTECT COINED: KODAK; PURELL ARBITRARY: APPLE; SUN SUGGESTIVE: MILKY WAY COPPERTONE THESE ARE PROTECTED UPON FIRST USE IN COMMERCE

25. 2014IP Survey -- Trademarks25 HARDER TO PROTECT DESCRIPTIVE: TASTEE A SURNAME: STEINWAY WATERMAN GEOGRAPHIC: MID-ATLANTIC; SOUTHWEST THESE WERE NOT PROTECTED UPON FIRST USE NEED TO DEVELOP “ACQUIRED DISTINCTIVENESS” OVER TIME, SOMETIMES CALLED “SECONDARY MEANING”

26. 2014IP Survey -- Trademarks26 WHAT IS NOT A MARK: GENERIC NAME OF A THING –“BREAD” FOR BREAD SOME CLOSE ISSUES: –ASPIRIN –SHREDDED WHEAT –Cf.: KLEENEX; PING-PONG; XEROX

27. CASE PARK ’N FLY 2014IP Survey -- Trademarks27

28. 2014IP Survey -- Trademarks28 EXAMPLES OF MARKS

29. 2014IP Survey -- Trademarks29 TRADEMARK AND SERVICE MARK:

30. 2014IP Survey -- Trademarks30 TRADEMARK (FOR CONTAINER OF SCOTCH)

31. 2014IP Survey -- Trademarks31 SERVICE MARK (INSURANCE):

32. 2014IP Survey -- Trademarks32 SERVICE MARK (ENTERTAINMENT);

33. 2014IP Survey -- Trademarks33 COLLECTIVE MARK (ALUMNI):

34. 2014IP Survey -- Trademarks34 SERVICE MARK (OILFIELD FIRE- FIGHTING):

35. 2014IP Survey -- Trademarks35 COLLECTIVE MARK:

36. 2014IP Survey -- Trademarks36 CERTIFICATION MARK FOR CLOTHING:

37. 2014IP Survey -- Trademarks37 TRADEMARK FOR CLOTHING:

38. 2014IP Survey -- Trademarks38 COMPOSITE-STYLE TRADEMARK AND SERVICE MARK – SYMBOL AND WORD:

39. CASE QUALITEX 2014IP Survey -- Trademarks39

40. 2014IP Survey -- Trademarks40 NATURE OF RIGHTS IN MARKS PREVENT OTHERS FROM USING SIMILAR MARK WHERE CONFUSION WOULD BE LIKELY NOT A RIGHT TO PREVENT ALL USES: –“CADILLAC” FOR CARS AND DOG FOOD –“CHAMPION” FOR PAPER AND BOXING GLOVES AND SPARK PLUGS

41. 2014IP Survey -- Trademarks41 DURATION OF EXCLUSIVE RIGHT IN A MARK AS LONG AS YOU ARE USING IT IN COMMERCE, PROVIDED - - –IT DOES NOT BECOME GENERIC –IT DOES NOT LOSE ITS CHARACTER AS SINGLE-SOURCE INDICATOR

42. 2014IP Survey -- Trademarks42 REITERATING THE LEGAL BENEFITS OF REGISTRATION PRIMA FACIE EVIDENCE OF EXCLUSIVE RIGHT TO USE CONSTRUCTIVE USE EVERYWHERE, AS OF THE FILING DATE STARTS FIVE-YEAR CLOCK TO INCONTESTABILITY

43. 2014IP Survey -- Trademarks43 PRACTICAL BENEFIT OF REGISTRATION OTHERS WILL FIND OUT ABOUT YOUR RIGHTS, AND WON’T ADOPT SIMILAR MARK CHEAP POLICING

44. CASE SLOPPY JOE’S 2014IP Survey -- Trademarks44

45. 2014IP Survey -- Trademarks45 FALLING INTO THE “REGISTERED” PIT PROBLEM: 1 ST USER HAS NO REGISTRATION 2 ND USER GOT STATE AND FEDERAL REGISTRATIONS, TWO YEARS AGO GOODS/MARKS CONFUSINGLY SIMILAR WHO WINS?

46. 2014IP Survey -- Trademarks46 THE THORN: PERMANENT LOCAL USE RIGHTS THE ONE BIG PROBLEM FOR THE FIRST USER IN COMMERCE SECOND USER CAN GET PERMANENT LOCAL RIGHTS TO USE IF CONFUSION, FIRST USER MUST STAY OUT!

47. 2014IP Survey -- Trademarks47 PERMANENT USE RIGHTS LEGAL REQUIREMENTS: (1) 2 ND USER IS FIRST TO USE IN A LOCALE (STATE OR LESS) (2) 2 ND USER HAS NO KNOWLEDGE OF PRIOR USER ELSEWHERE AT TIME OF 2 ND USER’S ADOPTION

48. 2014IP Survey -- Trademarks48 PERMANENT USE RIGHTS FOR MANY YEARS, THE CUTOFF DATE FOR ESTABLISHING LOCAL RIGHTS WAS THE FEDERAL REGISTRATION DATE REGISTRATION PROVIDED CONSTRUCTIVE NOTICE (SEE § 1072), THEREBY BLOCKING CONDITION (2)

49. 2014IP Survey -- Trademarks49 PERMANENT USE RIGHTS NOW, CONGRESS HAS PROVIDED THAT A FEDERAL REGISTRATION CONSTITUTES CONSTRUCTIVE USE EVERYWHERE AS OF THE FILING DATE (§1057(c)) THIS KILLS CONDITION (1) AS OF THE FILING DATE

50. 2014IP Survey -- Trademarks50 PERMANENT USE RIGHTS REGISTRATION AS CONSTRUCTIVE NOTICE DOESN’T MATTER ANY MORE THE POSSIBILITY OF CREATING NEW INNOCENT LOCAL RIGHTS ENDED AT THE FILING DATE –i.e., 1 ST USER IS DEEMED TO BE EVERYWHERE

51. CASE MISTER DONUT 2014IP Survey -- Trademarks51

52. 2014IP Survey -- Trademarks52 QUASI-MARKS AND NON-MARKS WALK THROUGH § 1052 THESE CONDITIONS FOR “REGISTRATION” ARE APPLIED BY COURTS IN DECIDING “PROTECTION” FOR UNREGISTERED MARKS

53. 2014IP Survey -- Trademarks53 QUASI-MARKS AND NON-MARKS START WITH 1052 (a) - (d): TELLS US MANY PROBLEMS ARE INCURABLE

54. 2014IP Survey -- Trademarks54 QUASI-MARKS AND NON-MARKS THE (e) GROUP – SOME ARE CURABLE: DESCRIPTIVE GEOGRAPHIC SURNAMES SOME NOT CURABLE: DECEPTIVELY MISDESCRIPTIVE

55. 2014IP Survey -- Trademarks55 QUASI-MARKS AND NON-MARKS FUNCTIONAL (WORRY: MARK PROTECTION CAN LAST FOREVER) EXAMPLE: SHAPE OF A DESK LAMP CANNOT BE CURED

56. 2014IP Survey -- Trademarks56 GETTING FROM QUASI TO FULL: SHOWING ACQUIRED DISTINCTIVENESS OFTEN CALLED “SECONDARY MEANING” SHOWS THE QUASI-MARK HAS ARRIVED; NOW SIGNALS SOURCE FIVE YEARS EXCLUSIVE USE MAY DO 15 USC § 1052 (f)

57. 2014IP Survey -- Trademarks57 LESS KNOWN TYPES COLLECTIVE MARKS –TRADE / SERVICE MARKS –MEMBERSHIP MARKS CERTIFICATION MARKS § 1054

58. 2014IP Survey -- Trademarks58 WHO HAS THE RIGHT? THE PROBLEM OF “GRAY GOODS” ARISES FROM CORPORATE SPINOFFS [ABOUT AS FREQUENT AS MERGERS] WHEN FOREIGN MARKET IS SPUN OFF, MARKS USUALLY GO WITH ALSO FROM LICENSING [IP MAXIMIZATION]

59. 2014IP Survey -- Trademarks59 GRAY GOODS U.S. RULE: IF OWNERS ARE SAME OR RELATED, NO RELIEF AGAINST IMPORTATION IF OWNERS ARE UNRELATED, RELIEF IF QUALITY IS LOWER

60. 2014IP Survey -- Trademarks60 WHAT IS NOT INFRINGEMENT FAIR USE TO DESCRIBE: JANICKE’S COMPUTER RENTAL WE RENT ALL TYPES, INCLUDING COMPAQ®, IBM®, AND DELL® § 1115 (4) JANICKE’S COMPUTER RENTAL WE RENT ALL TYPES INCLUDING COMPAQ ® AND IBM ®

61. 2014IP Survey -- Trademarks61 WHAT IS NOT INFRINGEMENT OWN NAME IN BUSINESS OTHER THAN AS A MARK Cf: SPERA’S RESTAURANT TONY SPERA, PROP. TONY’S RESTAURANT TONY SPERA, PROP.

62. 2014IP Survey -- Trademarks62 N.B. NO GENERAL RIGHT TO USE YOUR OWN NAME IN BUSINESS MOST ATTEMPTS FAIL NO POINT IN CHANGING YOUR NAME TO JOHNNY WALKER IF YOU ARE GOING TO SELL WHISKY

63. 2014IP Survey -- Trademarks63 N.B. STATEMENTS OF DISCONNECTEDNESS USUALLY FAIL

64. CASE AMBASSADOR EAST v. ORSATTI 2014IP Survey -- Trademarks64

65. 2014IP Survey -- Trademarks65 A WORD ABOUT DILUTION WHEN THERE IS NO INFRINGEMENT BECAUSE NO LIKELIHOOD OF CONFUSION BUT THE ACTS OF D SOMEHOW CHEAPEN OR TARNISH OR REDUCE THE VALUE OF P’S MARK

66. 2014IP Survey -- Trademarks66 A WORD ABOUT DILUTION EXAMPLE: –“CADILLAC” FOR CARS –FOLLOWED MANY YEARS LATER BY: “CADILLAC” FOR DOG FOOD

67. 2014IP Survey -- Trademarks67 A WORD ABOUT DILUTION ONLY AVAILABLE FOR “FAMOUS” MARKS NO DAMAGES NORMALLY INJUNCTIVE ONLY § 1125 (c)

68. 2014IP Survey -- Trademarks68 REMEDIES

69. 2014IP Survey -- Trademarks69 INJUNCTIVE NO INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY WITHOUT EXCLUSION POWER CONSIDER LAND OR CAR ANALOGY: IF ONLY DAMAGES, YOU ARE MERELY IN THE RENTAL BUSINESS

70. 2014IP Survey -- Trademarks70 INJUNCTIVE PRELIMINARY PERMANENT –§1116 (a) 4,000 + TRADEMARK SUITS FILED ANNUALLY ABOUT 45 GO TO TRIAL

71. 2014IP Survey -- Trademarks71 MONETARY D’S PROFITS OR P’S DAMAGES [DIFFICULT TO SHOW] COURT CAN TREBLE P’S DAMAGES IF D’S PROFITS AS REMEDY IS TOO SMALL/LARGE, COURT CAN ENTER A “JUST” AMOUNT § 1117 (a)

72. 2014IP Survey -- Trademarks72 ATTORNEY’S FEES “EXCEPTIONAL CASES” ONLY USUALLY MEANS WILLFUL INFRINGEMENT § 1117 (a)

73. 2014IP Survey -- Trademarks73 DESTRUCTION A NICE MEDIEVAL REMEDY ALL INFRINGING LABELS, AND THE MEANS OF MAKING THEM [PRINTING GEAR, INCL. COMPUTERS?] § 1118

74. 2014IP Survey -- Trademarks74 DEFENDANT’S REMEDIES ATTORNEY’S FEES IN EXCEPTIONAL CASES § 1117 (a) ORDER TO CANCEL REGISTRATION § 1119

75. CASES: –KELLOGG –XTREME [PART 2] 2014IP Survey -- Trademarks75