1. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology SIXTH EDITION Frederic H. Martini PowerPoint ® Lecture Slide Presentation prepared by Dr. Kathleen A. Ireland, Biology Instructor, Seabury Hall, Maui, Hawaii Chapter 22, part 4 The Lymphatic System and Immunity

2. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings SECTION 22-6 B Cells and Antibody-mediated Immunity

3. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings B cell sensitization of activation Sensitization – the binding of antigens to the B cell membrane antibodies Antigens then displayed on B cell Class II MHC T H cells activated by same antigen stimulate B cell Active B cell differentiates into Memory B Cell or Plasma cell Plasma cells synthesize and release antibody

4. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 22.20 Figure 22.20 The Sensitization and Activation of B Cells Animation: B Cells and Antibody Production PLAY

5. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Antibodies structure Antibodies are Y-shaped proteins consisting of: Two parallel polypeptide chains Heavy chains and light chains Constant region and variable region Antigen binding site

6. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 22.21 Antibody Structure Figure 22.21

7. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 22.21 Antibody Structure Figure 22.21a

8. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 22.21 Antibody Structure Figure 22.21b-d

9. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Actions of antibodies include: Neutralization Agglutination and precipitation Activation of complement Attraction of phagocytes Opsinization Stimulation of inflammation Prevention of adhesion

10. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Classes of Antibodies (immunoglobins) IgG – resistance against many viruses, bacteria and bacterial toxins IgE – accelerates local inflammation IgD – found on the surface of B cells IgM – first type secreted after antigen arrives IgA – primarily found in glandular sec

11. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Primary and secondary antibody response Primary response Takes about two weeks to develop Produced by plasma cells Secondary response Rapid increase in IgG Maximum antibody titer app

12. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 22.22 Figure 22.22 The Primary and Secondary Immune Responses

13. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 22.23 Figure 22.23 An Integrated Summary of the Immune Response

14. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 22.25a, b Figure 22.25 The Course of the Body’s Response to Bacterial Infection

15. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Focus on Hormones of the Immune System Interleukins Increase T cell sensitivity Stimulate B cell activity, plasma formation, and antibody production Enhance nonspecific defenses Moderate the immune system Interferons Tumor Necrosis Factors (TNFs) slow tumor growth Colony Stimulating Factors (CSFs)

16. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings SECTION 22-7 Normal and Abnormal Resistance

17. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Development of the Immune Response Immunological competence The ability to demonstrate an immune response after exposure to an antigen Fetuses receive immunity from the maternal bloodstream Infants acquire immunity following exposure

18. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Immune disorders Autoimmune disorders Immune response mistakenly targets normal cells Immunodeficiency diseases Immune system does not develop properly or is blocked

19. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Allergies Inappropriate or excessive immune response to allergens Immediate hypersensitivity (type I) Cytotoxic reactions (type II) Immune complex disorders (type III) Delayed hypersensitivity (type IV) Anaphylaxis Circulating allergen affects mast cells throughout body

20. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 22.26 The Mechanism of Anaphylaxis Figure 22.26

21. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Stress and the immune response Interleukin-1 released by active macrophages Triggers release of ACTH resulting in glucocorticoid release Moderates the immune response Lowers resistance to disease

22. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Stress can cause the following: Depression of the inflammatory response Phagocytic reduction Inhibition of interleukin secretion

23. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings SECTION 22-8 Aging and the Immune Response

24. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings With age Immune system becomes less effective Increased susceptibility to infection Immune surveillance declines

25. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The structure and function of lymphatic cells, tissues and organs The body’s nonspecific defenses and the components and mechanisms of each Specific resistance, cell-mediated immunity and antibody mediated immunity The role of the T cell, B cell and antibodies in specific immunity The origin, development, activation and regulation of normal resistance to disease The effects of stress and aging on the immune system You should now be familiar with: