1. General Bidding Treatments
Jim Berglund’s Bridge Lesson 7
Note: do not assume that your partner will know all or any of these techniques, although most advanced players will know and play some, if not all of them.
Only adopt them if you have an understanding of how, when, and why they are used – and a partner who agrees to play them in the same way!
Many of these treatments will go against what you may have been taught in beginner’s lessons. They reflect a modern, aggressive style used extensively in Regional and National events. Even if you don’t play them, you should know them and know how to bid and defend against them.

2. Counting Points Doubleton = .5 A = 4+
Rule: Never restrict hand evaluation to high-card points!
Rule: Length points count when assessing your hand to bid.
Rule: Shortness points only count if you have a ‘fit’ with partner
Rule: Don’t double-count shortness points and length points
Rule: Count points in the way that gives the highest total. Reassess the count as the bidding proceeds
Rule: hands – subtract a point – never open a HCP hand.
Rule: Always open 14.5 HCP balanced hands 1NT if you have a 5th card in one minor suit and/or two or more 10’s
Doubleton = .5
5th card in a suit with points = .5
6th card = 1 point
7th, card = 2 points, 8th = 3, etc.
Void = 5
Singleton = 3
A = 4+
Kx = 3
Qxx = 2
Jxxx = .75
J10xx = 1.25
10 (with other honors) = .5

3. Overcalling Opponents’ Opening Bids
One-level direct overcalls show 8+ HCP and length and/or strength in the bid suit. They are not necessarily ‘Lead-directing’
One-level doubles are takeout and show an opener, or a distributional hand. With ♠9876 ♥2 ♦K987 ♣K786, double a 1♥ opener. (You will not bid again unless you have a lot more)
Direct overcalls at the 2-level always show an opening hand
Jump overcalls always show a pre-emptive hand
A balancing overcall of 1NT shows HCP and a flat hand
A balancing overcall at the 2-level may be done with 8+ HCP
A balancing double that allows partner to bid at the 1 or 2-level may be made with 9+HCP

4. Suit Overcalls
An overcall at the one level shows 8-15 HCP and 1 ½ Quick tricks. With ♠97432 ♥AQ3 ♦Q54 ♣32, bid 1♠. (Partner won’t ever bid 1♠ with ♠AKQ and little else. Partner will expect you have shown at least a Queen, overcalls do not have to be lead directing)
It should show length and/or strength in the bid suit. If possible, overcall 1♥ with ♠974 ♥KJ63 ♦A542 ♣32
An overcall at the 2-level shows a hand you would have opened. Don’t overcall opener’s 1♠ with ♠97 ♥AK632 ♦K52 ♣432, but do with ♠97 ♥AK982 ♦K1082 ♣43, and make a TO double with as little as ♠9 ♥A862 ♦KQ52 ♣8432
If partner has not passed, a preempt usually shows 6+ cards in a suit and 5-11 HCP
use the rule of 2 or 3 - planning to go down 2, vulnerable vs vulnerable or 3, non-vulnerable vs vulnerable
If partner has passed, a preemptive overcall is typically stronger than 7 HCP; It’s used to (a) interfere,(b) get the opponents to bid to a higher level than they can make, (c) give partner a suit to lead, and sometimes get them to double a contract that makes!

5. Responding to Partner’s Suit Overcalls
All raises are preemptive – including jumps to game
NT bids are invitational, show points and no more than 2 cards in partner’s suit
Q-bids (bidding opener’s suit) are forcing and show points with good support
Any bid by the overcaller, but a rebid of her suit is invitational
A new suit is forcing by an unpassed hand, competitive and non-forcing otherwise
The Reverse Rosenkranz Convention
Powerful. Used after partner's overcall
Shows 8+/- HCP and typically, 3-card support
If RHO raises or bids another suit,
Double shows 3 cards without one of the top 3 honors.
Raise shows 3 cards with one of the top 3 honors
b. If RHO doubles,
Re-double shows 3 cards without one of the top 3 honors
(Note: this is an advanced treatment and should be discussed with partner)

6. Responding to Partner’s Suit Overcalls
One opponent has less than 6 points. Partner is sitting over the opener, and her points should work well. You need to explore for game, and it could be in three places, NT, Hearts or spades.
This time, the opponent with points is sitting over your partner. Your 2 is telling your partner she can lead the suit , and also forces the opponents to the 3-level, where the contract may fail.
Responding to Partner’s Suit Overcalls
With both opponents bidding, game is unlikely. Your 2 bid will likely win the play of the hand, but if the opponents bid again, they may get in trouble.
Opp1 is showing 4 Spades, and may not have a fit with his partner. Feel comfortable raising the bidding level to 2, but be happy to defend if partner doesn’t bid again
Consider the differences in the
following sequences:
What might Partner’s hand look like?
Opp1 You Opp Partner
P P ♣ 1♥ P
1. ♠AK32 ♥A543 ♦543 ♣43  1♠ 3♥
2. ♠32 ♥AQ ♦543 ♣2 2♣
3. ♠AK432 ♥AQ543 ♦543 ♣
Opp1 You Opp Partner
1♣ P P 1 ♥ 2♣ 2♥
4. ♠K32 ♥AQ87 ♦J543 ♣QJ  1♠
5. ♠K ♥AQ87 ♦43 ♣32
Opp1 You Opp Partner
P ♣ 1 ♥ 1♠
6. ♠43 ♥ ♦AK ♣J32  2♥
1NT
7. ♠K43 ♥AQ76 ♦AK ♣AJ32
Opp1 You Opp Partner
1♣ 1 ♥
DBL
8. ♠43 ♥QJ543 ♦Axxx ♣J3  2♥ P
9. ♠J943 ♥8765 ♦AK ♣J32
DBL
10. ♠ ♥8765 ♦AKQJ ♣2
You Hold: ♠Q ♥K92 ♦1098 ♣K98
What would you do?

7. Doubles over opponents’ weak NT openers
Overcaller
Overcaller’s Partner
Direct Seat DBL
(Penalty-oriented 14+ HCP)
1. If Responder passes (forcing RDBL) or RDBL's
Pass - waiting (points). Otherwise, ‘Systems on’, so 2 is Stayman; all other 2-bids are transfers
2. If Responder bids a suit (showing a 2-suiter)
Pass - no points - no interest
DBL - Penalty-oriented;
Que-bid or NT is Takeout
Suit - natural, non-invitational
Jump bid is invitational
Balancing DBL
Shows 10+HCP
Pass - shows 11+HCP and a suit to lead; see above for other action by Opp's
‘Systems on’, so 2 is Stayman; all other 2-bids are transfers

8. Weak Two Bids – Fox-Lambert* Style!
Opener
Responder
Rebidder
Advancer
2♠ - Fox-Lambert Weak Two - shows 5-11 HCP and 5-7 spades. Values should be in spades (typically KJ109x or better!)
2NT - Asks for further information
3♣ - 5 Spades; 9-11 HCP (first step)
3♦ - 6 card suit with 5-7 HCP (second step)
3♥ - 6 card suit with 8-9 HCP or 7 card suit with 5-8 HCP (third step)
3♠ - 6 card suit with HCP or 7-card suit with 9-11 HCP (fourth step)
3NT - 6 card suit headed by the AKQ or better
3♣/♦/♥ Shows another suit and minimal spade support
First step shows 5 Spades; 9-11 HCP ; no support
Second step shows - 6 card suit with 5-7 HCP
Third step shows 6 card suit with 8-9 HCP or 7 card suit with 5-8 HCP with no support
Fourth step shows 6 card suit with HCP or 7-card suit with 9-11 HCP with no support
A simple raise shows 3 card support
A jump raise shows 4 card support
Any other bid shows support and a singleton or void in the bid suit
When Opponents Interfere…
Overcall
A Raise continues the preempt. Note: Pre-empter may bid again!
A Double is penalty-oriented. Pass with the 9-11 HCP 5-card suit hand
Double
2NT – bid as if there were no double
New suit – ‘McCabe’ shows spade support but is lead directing
Raise – continues the preempt
Redouble (weak) – asks partner to bid the next higher suit, which responder will pass or correct
*With thanks to Bernie Lambert et al.

9. Bidding over Opponents’ Preempts
Rule*: Partner should not raise with fewer than 2 or 3 tricks - Aces, or a void plus the possibility of winning 2 tricks ( eg AQ). Your partner ‘expects’ that you have one already
Rule*: Never preempt a preempt ! (A suit bid in balancing position is non-invitational)
In direct seat, you should have a hand that evaluates to 15+ playing points. This means that partner can balance with a suit and or 9+ points, or double with 8+ points and support for the other 3 suits
Examples: Over a 2♥ or 3♥ opener:
You should have ♠AQxxx ♥Kx ♦KQxx ♣xx or better to make a direct overcall of 2♠ or 3♠
♠QJ10x ♥x ♦KQ10x ♣KJ10x would be minimum for a take-out double in direct seat
With ♠KJxxxxx ♥void ♦Axx ♣xxx you should pass and expect partner to re-open, which he should do.
Even with ♠x ♥Qxxx ♦KQxx ♣Kxxx he should double or bid 2NT
When partner balances – treat it as a minimum – a Double is the only bid that requests you to do something. It can be for take-out or can be converted for penalty
Goren Q-Bid - when you are at favorable or even vulnerability – shows 2-suits with slam interest – asks you to bid your longest suit first.
Rule*: When a major suit fit is found, any bid of a minor suit is likely NOT to play; treat it as forcing
Rule*: Over high level preempts, a suit bid shows competing values and is non-forcing.
Rule*: A double, or a Q-bid, or 4NT over 4♠ are the only bids that asks partner for input. (Note: a double may be passed.)
* Rule=Guideline..Situations will arise when the rules should be broken, There are no Rules - just partner agreements & expectations

10. Overcalls of Opponents 1NT – Modified Capelletti
I advocate using this convention (MC) over a strong 1♣ Opener (16+HCP), as well. Bids are still made at the 2-level, or they don’t have any value.
Double – shows good clubs and a good hand
2♣ - forces 2♦ and shows a hand with 6+diamonds or a 5-4 M/m hand or better.
If partner passes, she has diamonds. If she bids 2♥, she has hearts and a minor. 2NT asks ‘Which minor?’
2♥/♠ - Natural
2NT for the Minors
Why? The strong 1♣ bid is intimidating to many players. It also has a set of formal responses that these two-level bids make it more difficult to use effectively
1NT
Weak or Strong
Double – shows a 15+ HCP hand with a comfortable lead
Pass for penalty
2♣ - forces 2♦ and shows a hand with 6+diamonds or a 5-4 M/m hand or better.
If partner passes, she has diamonds. If she bids 2♥, she has hearts and a minor. 2NT asks ‘Which minor?’
2♥/♠ - Natural
2NT for the Minors

11. When to Overcall NT, (and what it means)
Opponent
You
1♣♦♥♠
1NT
Direct – eg P-1♥-1NT shows a normal 1NT opener. All systems (Stayman, transfers, Gerber, etc) are ON
Balancing – eg 1♣ - P – P – 1NT shows HCP and no 5-card suit. All systems are ON
After both opponents have bid – eg 1♦ - P - 1♠ - 1NT is called Sandwich NT (even by a passed hand). It guarantees a landing place in either of the other 2 suits if partner feels compelled to bid. It should show a bad 8 to a bad 10 HCP and at least 4 cards in the unbid suits. It is NOT invitational. (Note that a Double would show a better hand with the other 2 suits)
2NT
Unusual 2NT – shows at least 5-4 in the minors or in the 2 lower unbid suits
(Optional treatment)
3NT/4♣/4♦, etc
Are transfers to the next higher suit

12. Unusual over Unusual
Unusual over Unusual - also used for other occasions where two suits are shown by opponents (like Sandwich NT, Michaels Q-bid, etc)
A bid of their lower ranking suit indicates limit+ support for the lower of the other two suits
A bid of their higher ranking suit indicates limit+ support for the higher of the other two suits
Partner 1♣/♦/♥/♠
Opp
You
2NT
Dbl is penalty-oriented
3♣ shows limit raise or better for Hearts
3♦ shows limit raise or better for Spades
3♥/♠ shows values for the suit bid - competitive but not forcing
Raise should be considered weak

13. IF THE OPP’S BID Michael's
Michael's Que-bid
1m-2m shows the majors
1M-2M shows the other major and one of the minors. If you want to know which minor, bid 2NT
A bid of 2NT asks for the minor suit; any other, non-game bid is forcing
1x-2NT or 1x-P-1/2y-2NT shows the two lower unbid suits
A Michaels Q-bid over a takeout double by partner– only at unfavorable vulnerability - shows 2 suits asks her to bid her longest suit first
IF THE OPP’S BID Michael's
Partner
Opp
You 1♦
2♦ (Majors)
Dbl is penalty-oriented
2♥ shows limit raise or better for Clubs
2♠ shows limit raise or better for Diamonds
3♣/♦ shows values for the suit bid - competitive but not forcing
Raise should be considered weak
This is called ‘Anti-Michaels. Note the similarity with Unusual over Unusual

14. 2♦ Mini-Roman Opening hands
These hands always show HCP and distribution with an undefined singleton. Some partnerships insist on 4 spades – (I don’t)
With weak hands, responder is just trying to find the cheapest fit.
2♥ can be passed. If opener has a singleton heart, he’ll try 2♠, which can be passed or responder can comfortably find another bid – which must be passed.
With invitational or forcing hands, responder bids 2NT, and opener bids his singleton. Responder then can invite, set the contract or look for slam.
Defense over Mini-Roman
2♦*
Dbl=Diamonds and points
2♥/♠ Biddable suit - invitational
2NT Balanced
3♣ - clubs
3♦ - majors

15. The FLANNERY convention
…is a bridge convention using an 2♦ opening bid to show a hand of minimal opening bid strength (11-15 high card points) with exactly four spades and five (or sometimes six) hearts. (These hands are normally hard to describe easily.)
Pass, 2♥, 2♠, 3♣, 3♦ – to play (drop dead and don’t bid again, partner!)
3♥, 3♠ –invitational (or pre-emptive – depending on partnership agreement)
2NT – forcing bid. The opener describes his hand more precisely:
3♣, 3♦ – 3 cards in the bid suit (i.e., 4=5=1=3 and 4=5=3=1 distribution, respectively)
3♥ – 4=5=2=2, points
3♠ – 4=5=2=2, points with weak minor-suit doubletons
3NT – 4=5=2=2, points, but good minor-suit doubletons
4♣, 4♦ – 4 cards in the bid suit (i.e., 4=5=0=4 and 4=5=4=0 distribution, respectively)
4♥ - a 6-card heart suit, for those who play this variant
4♣/♦ Game forcing. Slam invitational; self-sufficient suit (at least 7 cards. no more than 3 cards in the majors. Need help in the other minor or a top honor in the bid suit for slam.
3NT, 4♥, 4♠ – to play
4NT - Blackwood - how many aces, partner?
5♣/♦/♥/♠ - Exclusion BW “I have a void in this suit, Partner. How many outside aces do you have?

16. DEFENSE OVER FLANNERY 2♦* 2♥=3-suit TO Dbl=NT oriented 2♠/3♣/♦ to play
2NT=Minors
2♥*
DBL=3-suit TO
2♠/3♣/♦ to play
2NT=Minors
Note that some pairs open Flannery with 2♥ instead of 2♦. This gives up the weak 2♥ bid, but right-sides more Flannery contracts.
the 2♥ variation is more difficult to defend over. Few opponents will have a formal defense and are more likely to create problems for themselves

17. Defense Over 2-Level 2-Way Transfers
2-level-2-way transfers* are used over an artificial ‘short club’ bid only.
(2♣ is inverted and game forcing;) 2♦ is a transfer to hearts; 2♥ is a transfer to spades and 2♠ is a transfer to diamonds.
Normally these bids are made with a long suit and a weak hand, or with a great suit and a very strong hand (2-way). They are never made with a ‘normal’ hand.
With a very good hand and a great suit, responder’s bid after openers acceptance of the transfer is a RKC bid in support of the suit.
Eg. 1♣ - P – 2♥ - P
2♠ - P – 2NT would show one or 4 Key cards in support of spades. Since it is only done with a great suit and a very strong hand, it must show 4!
Since few pairs will have a prepared defense over these bids, it is only fair to provide it, in written form, for them
Direct DBL of bid
Stolen bid, with points
Q-bid of real suit
3-suit takeout
Any other suit bid
To play
2NT
Same as 1NT overcall, with stopper.
Pass, then double
Penalty-oriented
Pass, then bid
Two-suited TO, showing the lowest TO suit

18. Defensive carding (Signals)
Responding to partner’s opening lead of an Ace or King (assuming she keeps the lead)
K led
Normal Count Signals – the play of a high card shows an even number; the play of a low card shows an odd number
A led
Normal Attitude Signals – the play of a high card asks for a continuance; the play of a low card asks for a switch
Upside-down Count Signals – the play of a low card shows an even number; the play of a high card shows an odd number
Upside-down Attitude Signals – the play of a low card asks for a continuance; the play of a high card asks for a switch
The play of an honor shows the next lower honor or a singleton
Rule: With most partners, show attitude on the opening lead
Suppose dummy has a singleton and you want partner to switch to another suit:
Normally, a high card by you would ask for a switch to the higher of the other two suits (not counting the led suit or trumps)
Honor Leads
An Ace, on Opening Lead, asks for Attitude (Should I continue the suit?)
A King Lead asks for Count
(How many cards in this suit do you have, partner?)
A Queen Lead against NT asks partner to play the Jack if she has it.
Normally done with AKQ10(x) or KQ109(x)

19. Bidding After Opponents Takeout Double1
A Pass may show no points, or be waiting to see what happens before making a bid 2
A simple raise is non-forcing 3
A new suit is forcing (by an un-passed hand) for one round. It shows a rebiddable suit and/or support for partner 4
A new suit is non-forcing (by a passed hand) and typically denies the ability to make a raise 5
1NT (or 2NT) shows 7-9 HCP and little support for partner 6
Redouble shows 10+ HCP and tends to show no fit for partner; A subsequent bid of a suit by redoubler is forcing one-round; a raise of p[artner’s opening suit is invitational. 7
2NT shows a limit raise or better 8
Jump raises are preemptive 9
Jump shifts show a singleton or void and a limit raise or better
♦ - DBL
You hold:♠KQxx ♥Qxx ♦xxx ♣ xxx
or ♠xx♥Qx ♦Jxx ♣ KQxxxx
Bid 1♠ with the first, 2♣ with the second
♣ - DBL
You hold:♠xxx ♥Qxx ♦Kxx ♣ xxxx
Pass
or ♠xx ♥Qxx ♦Kxx ♣KQxxx
RDBL
♦ - DBL
You hold:♠Kxxx ♥Qxx ♦xx ♣Jxxx
or ♠Axx ♥QJx ♦xx ♣Qxxxx
Bid 1NT with either hand. (Why not 1♠ with hand 1? – because the best likely spot to play this is in NT, with the lead coming to you, and even if partner has 4 spades, you’re in a fit)
♦ - DBL
You hold:♠Kxxx ♥Qxx ♦xxx ♣xxx
or ♠xx ♥Qxx ♦xx ♣QJxxxx
Pass with both. If you have another chance to bid, just raise with either hand
P – P – 1♠ - DBL
You hold:♠xx♥Qxx ♦KJ109x ♣ xxx
or ♠xx♥xx ♦xx ♣ QJxxxxx
Bid 2♦ with the first, 2♣ with the second. Don’t bid again
♦ - DBL
You hold:♠KJxx ♥QJx ♦xx ♣QJxx
or ♠Axxx ♥QJxx ♦x ♣Qxxx
Redouble with either hand
♥ - DBL
You hold:♠xxx ♥Qxxxx ♦xxx ♣ xx
or ♠A♥Jxxx ♦xxxxx ♣xxx
Bid 3♥ with either hand
♦ - DBL
You hold:♠KJx ♥QJx ♦xxxx ♣ Qxx
or ♠Axx ♥QJxx ♦Qxxx♣Jx
Bid 2NT with either hand
♠ - DBL
You hold:♠KJxx♥QJxx ♦x ♣Qxxx
or ♠xxxx ♥AJxx ♦KJxx ♣J
Bid 3♦ with the first, 3♣ with the second