1. I wonder how this valley was formed?
WOW!!!
I wonder how this valley was formed?

2. An introduction to Glaciation
Key Questions:
What is a glacier
Why study them?

3. What is a glacier?
A glacier is a huge mass of ice resting on land or floating in the sea next to land, they usually move very slowly. A glacier acts in a similar way to an immense river of ice, often merging with other glaciers in a stream-like manner.
Why are glaciers worth knowing about?

4. Glaciers are beautiful natural features

5. The action of glaciers produces some very distinctive landscape features
Pyramidal peak
arete
Fjord

6. Melting glaciers might bring problems for us all!

7. What is a glacier?

8. Figure 1: How much of the British Isles was covered in ice?
The Ice Age in Britain began about 1,000,000 years ago and lasted until about 20,000 years ago.
During this time temperatures fluctuated and ice advanced and retreated four times. The northern and eastern parts of the British Isles were covered in ice.
Use an atlas to help you name the source regions of the valley glaciers.

9. What are the main parts of a glacier?
Find a partner…

10. What is a glacier?

11. Key terms
Accumulation zone: area in the upper glacial valley where new snow and ice forms.
Ablation zone: the loss of ice from a glacier due to melting.
Moraine: a mixture of rock and sediments left behind when a glacier melts.
Bergschrund: A glacial crevasse (large crack) that forms when the glacier pulls away from the stagnant ice above.
Tarn lake: when water collects in a depression in a glacial valley.
Neve: new snow/ice that collects on a glacier. Snow and ice that survives one season becomes known as firn.

12. Key terms
_______: a mixture of rock and sediments left behind when a glacier melts.
_______: A glacial crevasse (large crack) that forms when the glacier pulls away from the stagnant ice above.
_______: when water collects in a depression in a glacial valley.
_______: new snow/ice that collects on a glacier.
Snow and ice that survives one season becomes known as ______

13. Bergschrund: A glacial crevasse (large crack) that forms when the glacier pulls away from the stagnant ice above.

14. Bergschrund: A glacial crevasse (large crack) that forms when the glacier pulls away from the stagnant ice above.

15. Tarn lake: when water collects in a depression in a glacial valley.

16. Moraine: a mixture of rock and sediments left behind when a glacier melts.

17. Make three annotated sketches for a tarn lake, a moraine and a bergschrund crevasse.

18. What is different about them?
Look at the two photos.
What is different about them?
Can you think what might have caused them to be different?

19. Glaciers: Why are they called Nature’s Bulldozers?
To know why glaciers are called nature’s bulldozers
To know how glaciers change the shape of the land

20. Formation of a glacial trough

21. How does ice shape the land?
Although Glacial ice appears solid it can behave like a fluid, when it pushes up against an object it is solid enough to erode it but fluid enough to move around it like water in slow motion.
Melt-water lubricates the glacier and helps it to slip along the valley bottom, often refreezing around rocks and carrying them with it.
This movement can change the shape of the valley in which the glacier moves.

22. A U-shaped glacial valley

23. V shaped valley formed by river erosion
Glacier
Compressed snow
U shaped valley

24. Explain how ice shapes the land in no more than 20 words.
vertical
Explain how ice shapes the land in no more than 20 words.
lateral

25. What is the difference between erosion and weathering?

26. Erosion and weathering
Erosion is the wearing away and removal of material
Weathering is the action of the weather wearing away material in situ (where it is).

27. THREE images but what links do they have with GLACIAL EROSION?
Leave on board when students are coming into the room and to generate interest. Ask students to think about and share their ideas and see if peer help can establish a link.

28. Plucking Abrasion Freeze thaw
Students are asked to stand at the back wall next to a know and don’t know line to show how they feel about the three words – do they know what they mean or not now they know what words go with which images.

29. Glacial Weathering/Erosion
There are THREE main types of glacial erosion:
Plucking
Abrasion
Freeze thaw

30. Task
Find a partner and sort yourself into the roles of TEACHER and STUDENT.
2) The TEACHERS will be shown three statements about each erosional pattern for 3mins only.
3) Using the knowledge recently gathered and the image the TEACHER needs to EXPLAIN what's happening with the THREE glacial erosional patterns (abrasion, plucking and freeze thaw) to the STUDENT.

31. Freeze-thaw is a process of weathering that happens when melt water or rain gets into cracks in the bedrock (usually the back wall). At night the water freezes and expands causing a crack to get larger. Fragments may then fall under gravity.

32. Plucking is when melt water from a glacier enters cracks in the rock
Plucking is when melt water from a glacier enters cracks in the rock. It then freezes to the glacier and base rocks. When the ice moves downhill, rock is plucked (pulled out) from the back wall and carried a long by the glacier.

33. Abrasion is a sandpapering action
Abrasion is a sandpapering action. It happens when rocks in the base and sides of the glacier rub against the valley floor and sides as it moves. This wears away the rock, often leaving them with scratches.

34. Plucking is when melt water from a glacier enters cracks in the rock
Plucking is when melt water from a glacier enters cracks in the rock. It then freezes to the glacier and base rocks. When the ice moves downhill, rock is plucked (pulled out) from the back wall and carried a long by the glacier.
Abrasion is a sandpapering action. It happens when rocks in the base and sides of the glacier rub against the valley floor and sides as it moves. This wears away the rock, often leaving them with scratches.
Freeze-thaw is a process of weathering that happens when melt water or rain gets into cracks in the bedrock (usually the back wall). At night the water freezes and expands causing a crack to get larger. Fragments may then fall under gravity.

35. Process
Freeze-Thaw
Abrasion
Plucking
Diagram
Description
Make a copy of this table on a full page of your book, then complete the table.

37. Recap:

38. How does a glacier form? Re-arrange the following into the correct order
A. The residual snow settles, becoming more compact and dense. B. The great weight of the top layers compacts the deep layers. C. Snow falls. D. Annual snow accumulation far exceeds the annual snow melt. E. Compacted snow freezes together and creates sheets of ice. F. The number of layers increases.
C, D, A, F, B, E.

39. Processes operating in a glacial valley
Erosion =
Weathering =
Transportation =
Deposition =
Breaking down of material by the action of the weather.
Movement of material from one place to another.
Wearing away of the rock and surface.
Putting down of material somewhere else.

42. Freeze Thaw weathering Arrange these into the correct order
Freeze Thaw weathering Arrange these into the correct order. Draw a diagram(s) to show the process happening.
Eventually this continuous process causes rocks to break up.
As the water freezes it expands and causes the cracks to widen.
This cycle continues, each time widening the cracks.
During the day when the sun is out, cracks in rocks get filled with water as the glacial ice melts.
The next time the temperature rises, the ice melts, the water thaws and contracts.
At night the temperatures become colder and the water in the crack freezes.
4, 6, 2, 5, 3, 1.

43. Abrasion is an important process of glacial erosion.
Describe how it occurs. (3)
Abrasion uses material the glacier is carrying/transporting (1). This is from the surrounding valley sides (1) as a result of freeze thaw weathering (1)/plucking(1). The material is used to grind the sides and floor of the valley (1) like a sandpapering effect so that it is worn away (1).
NEED ONE OF THE FINAL 2 POINTS FOR ALL 3 MARKS.

44. Upland glacial features (erosion) THE FORMATION OF CORRIES, ARETES AND PYRAMIDAL PEAKS
Watch the video of the formation of a corrie and afterwards describe the formation to a partner.

45. Erosional features: Pyramidal peaks, aretes and corries

48. Now watch a second video that describes how the formation of a corrie(s) can lead to the formation of aretes and a pyramidal peak. Use this information to explain the diagrams on the next few slides.

49. Task 1
Add the names and definitions onto the worksheet: Glacial mountain features.
Task 2
Design a cartoon strip to show the formation of a corrie, arete and pyramidal peak.
Draw a simple diagram and write a short caption underneath.
e.g. Step 1: Snow gathers on a hillside and begins to accumulate, eventually it becomes compacted and turns to ice.

50. Exam question - recap Explain the formation of a corrie (4 marks)
A corrie is an arm chair shaped hollow on a hillside. It is formed when snow and ice collect in a hollow.
The snow and ice move downhill under the force of gravity and the back wall of the hollow is plucked out and steepened.
The plucked material is carried by the glacier – it rubs against the base of the hollow and deepens it.
Ice is thinner at the front of the hollow and so there is less erosion – this leads to the development of a rock lip.
When glaciation is over and the snow and ice melt the corrie may fill with water forming a corrie lake (tarn lake)

51. The formation of a corrie
Exam question:
Explain the formation of a pyramidal peak 4 marks)
A corrie is a bowl shaped depression in a glaciated landscape. The are found in the upper glacial valley.
Step 1: Snow gathers in a small hollow on a hillside – snow accumulates and eventually it becomes compacted and turns to ice.
Step 2: When the ice is thick enough it moves out of the hollow and down the slope under the force of gravity.
Step 3: As it moves it causes plucking at the back of the hollow – this steepens the wall of the hollow.
Step 4: The plucked material is carried by the glacier. It rubs against the bottom of the hollow making it deeper (abrasion).
Step 5: Ice moves out of the hollow in a rotational manner – the thicker ice in the middle of the hollow exerts a lot of pressure , giving very high rates of erosion.
Step 6: At the front of the hollow the ice is thinner and there is less erosion – this means a rock lip is left at the front of the hollow.
Step 7: After glaciation has finished corries often fill with water – forming a corrie lake/tarn lake.

54. St Ivo School Geography Department
Pyramidal Peak - formed where three or more corries intersect back to back, forming a sharp, pointed hilltop between them
Mount Snowdon
St Ivo School Geography Department

55. Erosional features: fjords
A fjord is a long, narrow arm of the sea, often extending well inland, that results from marine inundation of a glaciated valley. Many fjords are remarkably deep; the huge glaciers that formed in these valleys were so heavy that they eroded the bottoms of the valleys far below sea level. After the glaciers melted, the waters of the sea invaded the valleys.

56. Lower glacial features of erosion: Fjords
What is a fjord?
How does it form?

61. Features of deposition - Moraine

63. Types of moraine
Material found along the edge of a glaciated valley is called lateral moraine. If two glaciers meet, their lateral moraines join together forming medial moraine. This leaves a line up the centre of the valley. A terminal moraine is a ridge of material deposited at the front of the glacier marking the furthest point the glacier reached down the valley.

67. Erratics

68. Drumlins